第43卷第6期熱力發(fā)電Vol 43 No 62014年6月THERMAL POWER GENERATIONJun.2014褐堞旬燃特性熱重實(shí)驗(yàn)及動(dòng)力學(xué)分析張斌1,劉建忠,趙衛(wèi)東2,袁紹1,王智化,周俊虎1,岑可法1(1.浙江大學(xué)能源清潔利用國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,淅江杭州310027;2.西安熱工研究院有限公司,陜西西安710032)[摘要]對(duì)錫盟褐煤和印尼褐煤進(jìn)行熱重實(shí)驗(yàn),并與大同煙煤、平頂山煙煤、神華低灰煙煤、陽泉無煙煤等煤樣進(jìn)行了對(duì)比。通過分析熱重曲線,將煤從吸氧氧化到燃燒的整個(gè)過程分為物理吸附、水分蒸發(fā)失重、吸氧增重、煤受熱分解、燃燒和燃盡6個(gè)階段,并得到各階段的特征溫度點(diǎn)。結(jié)果表明,2種褐煤的自燃傾向明顯大于其他4種煙煤和無煙煤。通過 Coats-Redfern積分法研究煤樣的氧化燃燒動(dòng)力學(xué)特性,計(jì)算煤樣的活化能,得到6種煤的氧化過程屬于一級(jí)化學(xué)反應(yīng),且褐煤自燃傾向性較強(qiáng);煤樣粒度越小,褐煤自燃傾向性越強(qiáng);隨著氧氣濃度的增大,煤樣更易自燃。[關(guān)鍵詞]褐煤;熱重實(shí)驗(yàn);特征溫度;自燃傾向性;動(dòng)力學(xué)分析;活化能[中圖分類號(hào)]TQ530[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A[文章編號(hào)]1002-3364(2014)06-007106[DOⅠ編號(hào)]10.3969/issn.1002-3364.2014.06.071Thermogravimetric experiments and dynamic analysison spontaneous combustion characteristics of ligniteZHANG Bin, LIU Jianzhong, ZHAO Weidong, YUAN Shao'WANG Zhihua, ZHOU Junhu, CEN Kefal(1. State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027,China2. Xian Thermal Power Research Institute Co. Ltd Xian 710032, China)Abstract: Thermogravimetric experiments on Ximeng lignite and Indonesia lignite were carriedout, and the results were compared with that of the Datong bituminous coal, Pingdingshan bituminous coal, Shenhua low ash bituminous coal and Yangquan anthracite. By analyzing the Tg andDTG curves, the whole process from coal oxidation to coal combustion could be divided into sixstages: physical adsorption, water evaporation with losing weight, absorption of oxygen with in-creasing weight, thermal decomposition, combustion and burning out. The characteristic temperatures of each stage were obtained. The results show that, the tendency of spontaneous combustionf the above two lignite was significantly obvious than that of the other four bituminous coal andanthracite Coats-Redfern integral method was used to analyze the samples oxidative combustiondynamic characteristics. Moreover, activation energy of the six coal samples was calculated to ana-lyze the tendency of spontaneous combustion of coal. The calculation results show that, the oxida-tion process of the six coal samples belonged to the first-order reaction, and the tendency of spontaneous combustion of the two lignite coal was greater. The tendency of spontaneous combustionof Ximeng lignite was affected by particle size and oxygen density. analysis shows that: the smal-ler the particle size, the stronger the tendency of spontaneous combustion; the greater the oxygendensity, the stronger the tendency of spontaneous combustion in gener收稿日期:201306-05基金項(xiàng)目:國家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃基金資助項(xiàng)目(973計(jì)劃)(2012CB214906)作者簡(jiǎn)介:張斌(1989—),男,浙江溫州人,碩士研究生,研讀方向?yàn)闊崮芄こ蘃中國煤化工CNMHGE-mail: zhangbin8959@163. cor熱力發(fā)電2014年Key words: lignite; thermogravimetric analysis; characteristic temperature; the tendency of spontaneous combustion; dynamic analysis; activation energy目前,低價(jià)煤褐煤由于碳化程度低,反應(yīng)活性算、煤氧復(fù)合活化能、井下自燃指標(biāo)氣體分布預(yù)警以好,而被廣泛作為高效清潔燃燒能源,但是褐煤易自及熱分析、紅外、色譜、SEM、XRD、XPS多種角度和燃。迄今為止,煤自燃的理論有黃鐵礦導(dǎo)因說、細(xì)菌手段研究煤在低溫氧化過程中結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)的變導(dǎo)因說、酚基導(dǎo)因說、煤氧復(fù)合學(xué)說、自由基作用學(xué)化4。本文采用熱重分析法研究錫盟褐煤、印尼褐說、電化學(xué)作用學(xué)說、氫原子作用學(xué)說、基團(tuán)作用理煤、大同煙煤、平頂山煙煤、神華低灰煙煤、陽泉無煙論等。但對(duì)于煤自燃的原因、機(jī)理和反應(yīng)歷程仍未煤的熱重曲線和數(shù)據(jù),并進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)計(jì)算,得到各煤見定論[13。被廣泛接受的煤氧復(fù)合理論認(rèn)為,煤的種的自燃傾向性自熱與自燃是多因素作用的復(fù)雜物理化學(xué)過程。煤自燃的主要原因是低溫下煤與空氣中的氧相互作1實(shí)驗(yàn)條件用,導(dǎo)致煤緩慢氧化并釋放熱量,在適宜蓄熱環(huán)境采用錫盟褐煤、印尼褐煤、大同煙煤、平頂山煙中,熱量積累使煤溫不斷上升至著火點(diǎn)后自發(fā)燃燒。煤、神華低灰煙煤、陽泉無煙煤δ種煤樣,其原煤煤對(duì)此,可通過煤的顯微巖相組分低溫氧化特性、低溫質(zhì)分析見表1。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室空氣氛圍中將煤樣粉碎,氧化過程熱力學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助分子模型量子模擬計(jì)篩分后得到煤粉粒度為100~200m樣品,密封保存。表1原煤煤質(zhì)分析Table 1 Coal quality analysis of the raw coal工業(yè)分析/%煤種/(J·g-1)錫盟褐煤14.9915.6633.5735.781903947.33.350.810.4117.48印尼褐煤9.9117.742.5729.8246.773.67大同煙煤8.550.41平頂山煙煤9048.1625409神華低灰煙煤9.0928.7257.552783068.990.790.4412.05陽泉無煙煤2.0014.1676.2676.871.161.37采用瑞士 METTLER-TOLEDO公司生產(chǎn)的1—大同煙煤2—平頂山煙煤TGA/SDTA851e型熱天平,溫度準(zhǔn)確度可達(dá)1003—神華特低灰±0.25℃,靈敏度為0.1g。以10℃/min的升溫4一錫盟褐煤3--5—陽泉無煙煤6—印尼褐煤速率將樣品由20℃加熱到800C,樣品用量約5mg。反應(yīng)氣氛為空氣,流量為50mL/min;保護(hù)氣為氮?dú)?流量為40mL/min。2實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析200400600800溫度/℃圖1煤樣TG曲線2.1基于 TG-DTG曲線的自燃傾向分析Fig. 1 TG curves of different coals將煤從吸氧氧化到燃燒的整個(gè)過程分為物理吸附、水分蒸發(fā)失重、吸氧增重、煤受熱分解、燃燒和燃1—大同煙煤2—早頂山煙煤盡6個(gè)階段煤分子是以碳?xì)溲跫暗訛槿~m3—神華特低灰主體的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的大分子,其不同結(jié)構(gòu)部位活性不5—陽泉無煙煤一印尼褐煤同。而它們?cè)诓煌奶囟囟认戮軈⑴c煤氧間的化學(xué)吸附和化學(xué)反應(yīng),這些溫度即為煤氧化自燃過程中的特征溫度,因此可以通過研究特征溫度來探4006討煤的自燃特性121。6種煤樣的TG和DTG曲線如圖1、圖2所示。中國煤化工CNMHGast coalshttp:www.rlfd.comcnhttp://rlfd.periodicals.net.cn第6期張斌等褐煤自燃特性熱重實(shí)驗(yàn)及動(dòng)力學(xué)分析由圖1、圖2可見,6種煤樣受熱氧化分解曲線到飽和。隨著溫度的升高,TG曲線開始下降,失重( TG-DTG曲線)的趨勢(shì)大致相同;不同煤種各個(gè)階速率也開始增大。這是由于煤樣中的水分和部分甲段的特征溫度存在差異,錫盟褐煤和印尼褐煤偏向烷、一氧化碳、水汽等氣體揮發(fā)所致。圖2中錫盟褐低溫區(qū),陽泉無煙煤最靠近高溫區(qū),其他3種煙煤處煤DTG曲線在48.3℃時(shí)達(dá)到峰谷,該溫度為臨界于中間位置?？梢?錫盟褐煤和印尼褐煤熱分解反溫度,失重速率為-1.21%/min。臨界溫度越低,應(yīng)所需溫度較低,較易自燃,而陽泉無煙煤的反應(yīng)溫煤脫除水分等物質(zhì)的速度越快,煤氧復(fù)合開始越早,度相對(duì)較高,最不易自燃。煤的自燃性越強(qiáng)。繼續(xù)升溫,失重速率減小,TG曲圖3為錫盟褐煤溫度低于30℃的TG曲線。線逐漸趨于平緩,在153.3℃左右,錫盟褐煤煤樣剩101.6余質(zhì)量比達(dá)到最小值95.3%。此后,小分子裂解速度加快并出現(xiàn)大分子結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂,煤表面出現(xiàn)許多孔隙吸附了大量氧氣,此時(shí)為吸氧增重階段。分析熱重?cái)?shù)據(jù)得到,在192.5℃左右,增重速率達(dá)到最大值0.033%/min,該溫度被稱為增速溫度。加熱溫度100.0約為22.5℃時(shí),煤樣開始再次失重,到298.3℃時(shí)溫度/C開始受熱分解。受熱分解溫度越低,說明煤越容易圖3錫盟福煤TG曲線被氧化分解,其自燃傾向性也越大。加熱溫度約為Fig 3 TG curve of the Ximeng lignite345℃達(dá)到著火點(diǎn)開始燃燒,煤樣的失重速率開始急劇增加。加熱溫度約為390℃時(shí),反應(yīng)全過程中由圖3可見,在初始階段錫盟褐煤TG曲線處失重速率達(dá)到最大值一5.25%/min,此時(shí)煤分子內(nèi)于上升趨勢(shì),煤樣質(zhì)量不斷增加在23℃左右物理部發(fā)生劇烈的化學(xué)反應(yīng),燃燒速度大大增加。加熱吸附階段結(jié)束,質(zhì)量達(dá)到最大,此時(shí)質(zhì)量比為溫度約為454.2℃時(shí),失重過程基本停止,失重曲線101.5%。這是因?yàn)樵谑軣釡囟鹊某跏茧A段,即物理趨于平緩,達(dá)到了煤的燃盡溫度,標(biāo)志著煤樣氧化自吸附階段,煤氧復(fù)合主要以物理吸附為主,煤的物理燃著火過程結(jié)束。表2為不同煤種的特征溫度。吸附是一個(gè)可逆放熱過程吸附速度相對(duì)較快,易達(dá)表2不同煤種的特征溫度Table 2 The characteristic temperatures of different coals C煤種物理吸附受熱分結(jié)束溫度臨界溫度增速溫度解溫度著火點(diǎn)最大失重速率點(diǎn)溫度燃盡點(diǎn)錫盟褐煤23.3298.3345.0390.0454.2印尼褐煤245.8288.3330.8405.8大同煙煤50.0232.5336.7401.7453.3500.8平頂山煙煤47.5236.7374.2441.7505.8551.7神華低灰煙煤43.3237.5345.8424.2465.0512.5陽泉無煙煤70,0524.2567.5609.0由表2可見,錫盟褐煤和印尼褐煤的臨界溫度、力學(xué)參數(shù)。某一時(shí)刻反應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)化率為:受熱分解溫度、著火點(diǎn)都明顯低于煙煤和無煙煤(1)因此,褐煤的自燃傾向性高于其他煤種。式中,mo為失水結(jié)束時(shí)樣品的質(zhì)量,m1為反應(yīng)結(jié)束2.2自燃動(dòng)力學(xué)分析通過熱重分析獲得的反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)可以宏觀時(shí)樣品的質(zhì)量,m為某一時(shí)刻樣品的質(zhì)量。動(dòng)力學(xué)基本方程為地表征煤的整個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程,其中活化能可以定da量地表征煤的自燃傾向性,活化能越低,自燃傾向性d=k·f(a)(2)越強(qiáng)6,14式中,t為時(shí)間做÷為動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)采用單個(gè)掃描速率法的 Coats-Redfern積分理函數(shù)法m,對(duì) TG-DTG曲線進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)算得出相關(guān)動(dòng)CNMHG由 ArrhenIus在知http:/www.rlfd.com.cnhttp://rlfd.periodicalsnet.cn熱力發(fā)電2014年k= AexpC-E/RT(3)溫速率將煤樣由20℃加熱至800℃。反應(yīng)氣氛為式中:A為指前因子;E為表觀活化能,kJ/mol;R為空氣,流量為50mL/min;保護(hù)氣為氮?dú)?流量為普適氣體常數(shù),8.314J/(mol·K);T為熱力學(xué)溫40mL/min。圖4為不同粒徑煤樣的TG曲線表4度為氧化過程中的主要特征溫度。由升溫速率B=dT/dt可得:—粒徑60100"m2一粒徑>100~120umdadT=xp(=E/RT)·f(a)(4)3一粒徑>120-200um80假設(shè)反應(yīng)符合反應(yīng)級(jí)數(shù)模型,f(a)=(1-a)n,由Coats- Redfern一級(jí)近似整理可得:In(l-a)RT(n=1)(5)200400600800溫度/℃(1-a)1圖4不同粒度錫盟褐煤的TG曲線T2(1-n)Fig 4 TG curves of the Ximeng lignitenrF(1--RTwith different particle sizesE表4不同粒度錫盟褐煤的特征溫度因?yàn)?一般活化能E遠(yuǎn)大于溫度T,所以(1Table 4 Characteristic temperatures of the Ximeng lignite2RT/E)≈1。將熱重實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)代人得到式(5)和式with different particle sizes(6)左端的值,并繪制1/T曲線,根據(jù)擬合直線的斜臨界溫度/℃受熱分解溫度/℃率得出活化能E,再由直線截距得到指前因子A粒徑/p43.3335.0計(jì)算中溫度范圍取自煤樣吸氧增重結(jié)束開始受熱分>100~12039.2332.5解時(shí)的溫度到著火點(diǎn)溫度,n取1。計(jì)算結(jié)果見表3。330.0表3 Coats-Redfern法求解煤樣動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)由圖4和表4可見,臨界溫度和受熱分解溫度Table 3 The samples dynamic parameters obtained均隨著粒徑的減小而減小,表明粒徑越小反應(yīng)越容by Coats-Redfern integral method易進(jìn)行,即更容易自燃。煤種活化能E相關(guān)性系數(shù)/(kJ·mol-1)指前因子A2.3.2氧濃度盟褐煤119.580.9859尼褐煤分別采用含氧體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%、9%、13%、大同煙煤122.910.986217%、21%的氮氧混合氣體,錫盟褐煤煤樣粒度為平頂山煙煤127.730.9825120~200m,升溫速率為20℃/min,樣品由20℃神華低灰煙煤135.420.9889陽泉無煙煤173.250.9879加熱到800℃,氣體流量為50mL/min。圖5為不同含氧濃度下的TG曲線,表5為不同氧濃度下錫由表3可知,6種煤在氧化熱解反應(yīng)中一級(jí)反盟褐煤的特征溫度應(yīng)的A均大于0.98,因此認(rèn)為其氧化熱解均為一級(jí)含氫量5%化學(xué)反應(yīng),比較E得到6種煤的自燃傾向性為:印1102—含氧量91003—含氧量13%尼褐煤>錫盟褐煤>大同煙煤>平頂山煙煤>神華-4含氧量17%65—含氧量21%低灰煙煤>陽泉無煙煤。這與上述特征溫度值及實(shí)際應(yīng)用中褐煤自燃傾向明顯的特征基本吻合,因此基于熱重分析的煤的活化能可以作為鑒定煤自燃傾向性的指標(biāo)之一。2.3褐煤自燃的影響因素200400600800溫度/r2.3.1煤樣粒度tH中國煤化工曲線分別取粒徑為60~100、>100~120、>120CNMHG200μm的錫盟褐煤煤樣約5mg,以10℃/min的升trationshttp:lwww.rlfd.comcnhttp:/rlfd.periodicalsnet.cn第6期張斌等褐煤自燃特性熱重實(shí)驗(yàn)及動(dòng)力學(xué)分析衰5不同氧濃度下錫盟褐煤的特征溫度progress on the mechanism and predictionof coal sponTable 5 Characteristic temperatures of the Ximeng lignitetaneous combustion[J]. 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