第35卷增刊應(yīng)Vol 352006年10月Applied Chemical IndustryOct.2006后石油時代的甲醇燃料吳城琦,馮向法(中國漯河石化集團控股有限公司,河南漯河462000)摘要:在后石油時代即將來臨和環(huán)境問題日益嚴重的今天,世界科技和能源、環(huán)保各界,乃至聯(lián)合國和各國政府,都在高度關(guān)注替代石油的清潔能源問題,各種替代能源也在競相爭奪取代權(quán)。針對這種情況,通過實事求是地分析,用科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)說話,毫無隱晦地亮明這個“后石油時代初期惟有甲醇燃料甲天下”的觀點,以解能源、環(huán)保等有關(guān)部門以及廣大消費者關(guān)于代油清潔燃料的憂慮關(guān)鍵詞:石油;甲醇;燃料;替代能源;醇醚燃料中圖分類號:TK01文獻標(biāo)識碼:A在后石油時代即將來臨和環(huán)境問題日益嚴重的今天,世界科技和能源、環(huán)保各界,乃至聯(lián)合國和各國政府,都在高度關(guān)注替代石油的清潔能源問題,各種替代能源也在競相爭奪取代權(quán)。除了科技界比較客觀外,各種替代能源的代言人就是這些能源的擁有者和維護者,競爭非常激烈。其中最有希望的也是遭受攻擊最甚者,例如甲醇燃料,什么動力性問題、毒性問題、腐蝕性問題等,好象這種早已廣泛用作基本化工原料的物質(zhì),用途拓展到燃料領(lǐng)域時,一下子就變成了不能使用的東西了!究競是怎樣的呢?科技界為甲醇作了一些辯護,所有介紹甲醇的書籍和文章都說甲醇除了是最基本的化工原料外,還是典型的清潔燃料。但是,好象也有點躲躲閃閃。例如,大都明說煤、天然氣或其它碳氫化合物都可以制取醇醚清潔燃料,然后繞一個彎,再注明醇醚清潔燃料主要指甲醇和二甲瞇。這種注釋雖然不夠確切,但是畢竟把甲醇作為主角提了出來。其實,醇醚燃料包括甲醇和甲醇的衍生物醚類、酯類等,兩種說法是一回事。好在中國環(huán)境與發(fā)展國際合作委員會的一份報告以及國內(nèi)外一些權(quán)威文章中已經(jīng)明確提出:“若干年后,甲醇燃料將占壓倒其它燃料的主導(dǎo)地位,直到新的更好的燃料真正開發(fā)出來和投入實際應(yīng)用”。那么,為什么要等到若干年后呢?為什么不從現(xiàn)在起就按照市場規(guī)律盡可能取代一些石油而省下石油做更重要的事情呢?主要原因是有關(guān)管理部門的某些人土還不太認識這個問題,現(xiàn)有的一些石油企業(yè)和競爭替代石油燃料的企業(yè),為了自己的眼前利益還在反對。究竟誰是后石油時代的主導(dǎo)性替代燃料呢?說實話,目前還沒有統(tǒng)一認識,我國的各種文件和有關(guān)行政部門的言論表明,他們還在十字路口猶豫,有病亂投醫(yī)的現(xiàn)象顯而易見,更沒有認定甲醇燃料的恥中國煤化工針對這種情況,本文通過實事求是地分機HCNMH毫無隱晦地亮明這個“后石油時代初期惟有甲醇燃料甲天下”的觀點,以解能源、環(huán)保等有關(guān)部門以及廣大消費者關(guān)于代油清潔燃料的憂慮。同時也誠心地勸說一些還不太增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料323認識這個問題的人,早日認識這個問題。更主要地是堅定甲醇燃料開發(fā)者的信心,使之發(fā)揮我國自己的優(yōu)勢,早日從這個領(lǐng)域“牟利”,并對人類社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展和避免爭奪石油的戰(zhàn)爭做出貢獻。1能源與環(huán)境問題世界能源的大規(guī)模消耗是從化石能源,特別是石油的大規(guī)模開采應(yīng)用開始的。它僅僅用了一百多年的時間,就使得億萬年的石油積累貯藏即將消耗殆盡。這種不可再生的石油消耗殆盡前后,世界就進入了后石油時代。那時,必須有替代或取代石油的新能源。這個觀點是公認的。由于化石能源的大規(guī)模耗用,帶來了嚴重的環(huán)境問題,威脅著人類的生存和發(fā)展,這個觀點也是公認的。但是,當(dāng)今人們對這兩個公認觀點的認識,在緊迫性和對策上卻有較大差異。一些人輕視這兩個問題的嚴重性,用化石能源的地質(zhì)貯量或者尚能得過且過來安慰自己,用逃離環(huán)境污染重災(zāi)區(qū)來應(yīng)付環(huán)境污染。豈知,化石能源的已探明貯量只是地質(zhì)貯量的一小部分,可采貯量又是已探明貯量的一小部分。特別是石油的已探明可采貯量,不管是樂觀數(shù)據(jù)還是悲觀數(shù)據(jù),都已經(jīng)見底,象現(xiàn)在這樣大規(guī)模開采和消耗下去,很快就要枯竭。又豈知,化石能源造成的環(huán)境污染,已經(jīng)嚴重威脅人類和地球生物的生存。如果個別企業(yè)不顧這些,當(dāng)各國政府執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國的《里約宣言》、《21世紀議程》、《蒙特利爾議定書》和《京都議定書》等文件時,這些企業(yè)將在劫難逃。因為如果不這樣,任憑保護地球的臭氧層破壞、酸雨頻降、疑難病叢生,人類和地球生物都難以生存。在這方面已有先例。在以前的很長時間內(nèi),汽車制造商是反對汽油中加入含氧化合物的,因為他們主要考慮的是腐蝕性問題。但是,1990年美國國會通過了“清潔空氣法修正案”強制推行“新配方清潔汽油”后,全世界紛紛響應(yīng),含氧化合物成了“新配方清潔汽油”必須添加的成分。1.1關(guān)于能源問題全世界的石油資源究競還能維持多少時間呢?全球石油的總貯量,樂觀地估算為6500億t,悲觀地估算為2700億t,實際上已探明的可采貯量比這少得多。在21世紀開始的時候,全球已探明的石油可采貯量為10330億桶,折合1476億t。按2000年實際日耗7300萬桶計,還能維持40年;按美國能源部預(yù)測每年油耗增加2%,只能維持25~30年。到2010年全球石油資源的一半將消耗掉,那時就是石油的“半壽期”,那將是引起人們因能源而恐慌的一個關(guān)鍵時刻!我國的石油貯量豐度低于全球的平均值中國煤化玉940億t,但是,當(dāng)新世紀開始時,已探明的可采貯量只剩CNMH國的油耗為2.7億t,如果不進口或想別的辦法,只能維持到2012年。平均每年進口1億t石油,也只能維持到2019年,“半壽期”仍在2010年以前。由此看來,這個問題應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊的嚴重性是無法回避的。1.2關(guān)于環(huán)境污染問題從大規(guī)模使用化石燃料以來,至今已經(jīng)到了地球無法承受的程度。例如,目前全球毎年作為燃料耗用化石燃料折合標(biāo)煤120億t,其中,石油37億t(折標(biāo)煤53億t)煤炭45億坻(折標(biāo)煤32億t)、天然氣26300億m3(折標(biāo)煤35億t),燃燒后共產(chǎn)生二氧化碳達370億t。據(jù)瑞典氣象學(xué)家B·博林估算,陸地植物每年經(jīng)光合作用固定的二氧化碳為200~300億t。上述僅化石能源人為燃燒就產(chǎn)生二氧化碳370億t,加上生命呼吸、生物體腐敗及火災(zāi)等產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳,就嚴重地超過了綠色植物光合作用吸收轉(zhuǎn)化二氧化碳的量,破壞了自然界的二氧化碳循環(huán)平衡,已經(jīng)開始造成保護地球的臭氧層破壞和其它一些反?，F(xiàn)象。同時,燃燒含硫的煤炭和石油產(chǎn)生的大量二氧化硫形成了危害很大的酸雨,致使地球植被破壞,農(nóng)業(yè)減產(chǎn)?；剂先紵a(chǎn)生的包括致癌物質(zhì)在內(nèi)的許多其它有害物質(zhì)也正在造成一些疑難病。因此,1972年聯(lián)合國召開了人類環(huán)境大會,1992年又召開了環(huán)境和發(fā)展大會,并一致通過了《里約宣言和《21世紀議程》。圍繞這個大會還締結(jié)了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》、《京都議定書》和《關(guān)于消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)的蒙特利爾議定書》等,已經(jīng)開始高度重視和防治環(huán)境污染問題。包括中國在內(nèi)的所有締約國都承擔(dān)了相應(yīng)的義務(wù)。中國人口眾多,改革開放后經(jīng)濟發(fā)展迅速,一次性燃料能源以煤為主,而直接燃煤是最臟的一種燃燒方式。中國燃用石油的數(shù)量也很大,并且缺少必要的清潔措施。因此,在燃料燃燒污染方面,中國是最嚴重的國家之一。聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署在其2002年的《中國人類發(fā)展報告》中指出:“中國的環(huán)境問題,首先是外國游客到達中國一些城市走下飛機后明顯感到的空氣污染”,“中國城市的空氣質(zhì)量遠低于國際標(biāo)準”,“世界受污染最嚴重的20個城市中,有16個在中國”。這些情況已經(jīng)引起中國政府的重視,中國參加了1972年聯(lián)合國人類環(huán)境大會后,成立了國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組,通過了《環(huán)境保護法》,1983年開始把環(huán)境保護列為“基本國策”,1992年參加聯(lián)合國環(huán)境和發(fā)展大會并簽署了有關(guān)文件,1995年和2000年兩次修訂了中國的《大氣污染防治法》。中國還建立了空氣污染指標(biāo)(API),它綜合了二氧化硫、氮氧化合物和總懸浮顆粒在內(nèi)的總體空氣質(zhì)量,1級、2級表示適合長期生活,3級表示短期可以接受,4級和5級表示不適合人們居住。1999年,在335個空氣受到檢測的城市中,超過40%的城市只能達到4級和5級。世界銀行估算了中國城市人口由于空氣污染而死亡和得病的數(shù)量,如果空氣污染下降到中國標(biāo)準允許的水平,每年可以避免178萬人死亡,相當(dāng)于城市死亡總?cè)藬?shù)的7%。由此可中國煤化工死相關(guān)的大問題了CNMHG由于上述能源和環(huán)境兩個方面的嚴重問題,用清潔燃料替代或取代現(xiàn)有的石油以及直接燃燒煤炭勢在必行。特別是,由于2010年就是石油的“半壽期”,增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料325因而在未來幾年、十幾年之內(nèi)將受到石油供應(yīng)變化的“爆炸式影響”,任何國家、企業(yè)或用戶,都逃不過這場急風(fēng)暴雨。綜合起來,這些影響有如下幾點:①2010年前后石油資源“半壽期”將引起的暴風(fēng)驟雨包括石油用量居高不下;價格暴漲不止;些油田產(chǎn)量迅速減少;經(jīng)濟上甚至軍事上爭奪石油資源和運輸通道的事件頻繁發(fā)生;主要依靠石油能源的國家的經(jīng)濟安全和國家安全受到嚴重威脅;從各國政府到廣大石油消費者的心理上受到巨大壓力;一些號稱可以替代石油的產(chǎn)品在技術(shù)上、資源數(shù)量和價格上遠遠不能適應(yīng)形勢要求,等等;②石油燃料特別是車用石油燃料造成的環(huán)境污染逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn),并受到取締或嚴格限制。例如:繼含鉛汽油被取締后,無鉛汽油也即將被新配方清潔汽油所取代,目前發(fā)達國家正在走這一步,中國在2008年以前起碼要在北京先走這一步。其中,氧含量增加和硫含量、苯含量、芳烴含量烯烴含量的限制將越來越嚴格,最終可能不得不取締石油成品油作為車用燃料的資格;③石油畢竟是近100多年來幫助人們創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)代文明的功臣,它除了作為燃料之外,在石油化工上有更高的價值,例如作為化纖、橡膠、塑料或其它化工品的綜合利用,一般可以比作為燃料增值10倍以上。由于石油的短缺,可能出現(xiàn)以石油為原料的化工產(chǎn)品嚴重短缺,影響經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和人們的正常生活。因此,節(jié)約燃用石油將成為一個不可阻擋的大趨勢。2替代石油的各種能源選擇替代石油的能源,目前有天然氣、煤炭和可再生的生物質(zhì)能、風(fēng)能、水能、太陽能、地?zé)岬?還有核能和取之不盡的氫能等。原則上,由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的高度發(fā)展,石油枯竭是難以阻止人類社會繼續(xù)前進的步伐?？墒?究竟目前誰是替代石油的最佳選擇呢?這需要認真地作客觀的比較。2.1太陽能、風(fēng)能、水能2.11太陽能熱輻射的直接利用例如:太陽能熱水器已經(jīng)有了規(guī)?；瘧?yīng)用太陽灶也有了實際應(yīng)用。太陽能光伏電池等是太陽能的一種高技術(shù)應(yīng)用,也已經(jīng)達到相當(dāng)成熟的程度,正在進一步開發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用。太陽每天輻射到地面的能量多達2.2×102J,大部分反射或重新輻射返回太空后,剩下0.04%被綠色植物所吸收,仍有8.8×102J,如果能夠利用它的一部分,即可維持人類的生存和發(fā)展。但是,太陽能利用受到天氣和季節(jié)變化等多種因素影響,太陽能電池的技術(shù)和成本問題還有待于進一步解決。目前,太陽能實際能夠利用的數(shù)量還很有限,只能取代很少一部分石油,特別是在車用燃料方面替代的困難更大,還不可能成為取代石油的主導(dǎo)能源。21.2風(fēng)能作為一種可再生的清潔能源H中國煤化工居世界前列。1997年《中國能源年鑒》表明,中國可開發(fā)的凡CNMH實際上當(dāng)?shù)孛嬉陨细叨葟?0m上升到100m時,還要增加2.7倍。但是,目前中國大規(guī)模、低成本的風(fēng)電還在萌芽時期,小規(guī)模風(fēng)電成本過高,還有地區(qū)限制。因此,也只能應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊取代一小部分石油。2.1.3水能在此包括江河水能和潮汐能、波浪能等,中國都有豐富的資源,正在積極進行開發(fā)利用,在我國的能源結(jié)構(gòu)中,水電已占7%左右。將來,水能在中國能源結(jié)構(gòu)中,將占有更可觀的比例。但是,它們也受到地域的限制,數(shù)量上也難以成為取代石油的主導(dǎo)能源。2.2生物質(zhì)能生物質(zhì)能指秸稈、雜草、林木和動植物體及其排泄物等含有的能量。它們是對太陽能的貯存,是可再生能源。它們數(shù)量大、分布廣、再生快。萬千年來,它們直是人類利用的主要能源。自從化石能源大量開采使用后,生物質(zhì)能的利用大大減少,致使秸稈和其它農(nóng)林廢棄物反而成了環(huán)境污染源?？墒?一旦戰(zhàn)爭或其他因素造成化石能源緊張時,生物質(zhì)能仍然是人們可以依靠的主要能源。1973年世界發(fā)生石油危機以后,人們就又開始重視生物質(zhì)能的利用。生物質(zhì)能的利用,有傳統(tǒng)方法和現(xiàn)代化方法兩種。傳統(tǒng)方法非常簡單,但是效率太低,很不便利,還污染環(huán)境,不適用于現(xiàn)代社會。生物質(zhì)能的現(xiàn)代化利用,包括沼氣、裂解氣化、裂解液化、生物發(fā)酵制取燃料醇、油料作物直接利用和制取生物柴油等,這些都有很好的前景,并且已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)深入的研究和示范性應(yīng)用,將來必將是人類可以依靠的主要能源之一。但是,在技術(shù)上還有待提高,在生產(chǎn)成本上還有待大大下降,目前還不可能成為替代石油的主導(dǎo)性能源。2.3核能、氫能和燃料電池2.3.1核能在此主要指利用核裂變建設(shè)核電站產(chǎn)生的電能。這已經(jīng)是在世界許多國家投入實際應(yīng)用的事情。至于熱核聚變產(chǎn)生的核能,還只能是以后的事。已經(jīng)投入實際應(yīng)用的核電站,雖然在世界能源中已經(jīng)占有一定的地位,但是,還不可能成為替代石油的主導(dǎo)能源。況且,由核電變成車用燃料,還有許多工作要做。2.3.2氫能在此指氫與氧化合成水釋放出來的能量。由于氫元素在地球上可以說是取之不竭,并且氫的燃燒值非常高,燃燒后只生成水,因而氫能是人類最理想、最清潔、最巨大的能源。但是,由于氫氣很難壓縮或液化,因而單純氫能的利用還有很多技術(shù)問題。氫以其化合物作為載體,已經(jīng)有多方面的應(yīng)用,燃料電池就是一個例子,特別是以甲醇為氫載體的燃料電池,已經(jīng)在汽車上有了示范性應(yīng)用,并且,若干年后就會有商業(yè)化應(yīng)用。這種燃料電池汽車,實際上就是氫能的利用,是零污染的清潔汽車。但是,在相當(dāng)長時間內(nèi),它的成本還太高,不會成為替代石油的主導(dǎo)性能源。2.4天然氣和其它油氣資源中國煤化工24.1天然氣天然氣的開采應(yīng)用比石油曉CNMH G可用年限也比石油長一些。中國的天然氣正在勘探和開采之中。1997年資源量為6.43萬億m,折合標(biāo)煤85.5億t;已探明1.15萬億m3,折合標(biāo)煤15.3億t。還增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料327有一組數(shù)字講我國天然氣的資源量為38萬億m3,折合標(biāo)煤505億t;最終可采貯量可達10.5萬億m3,折合標(biāo)煤140億t。由此看來,我國天然氣的最終可采貯量與石油差不多,只是剩余量比石油稍微多一些,沒有太大的可依賴性。全世界天然氣的總資源量為328萬億m3,2004年以前已探明144萬億m3。2004年末,已探明貯量升至172萬億m3,折合標(biāo)煤分別為4362億t,1915億t,2288億to可能還會勘探出來一些,但是,總的說來也是很有限的。天然氣稍加凈化處理,即是比石油和煤相對清潔的燃料,目前耗用量增長很快,預(yù)計在全世界總的能源消耗中,天然氣在后石油時代來到之前一段時間內(nèi),將成為第一能源。目前,天然氣替代石油,在發(fā)電和民用燃料方面,已經(jīng)有成熟的經(jīng)驗。在作為車用燃料時,還有一些不同的形式待選擇。例如,天然氣直接液化、天然氣制取甲醇作醇醚燃料或者燃料電池的氫載體等。目前天然氣壓縮液化,已經(jīng)進入民用燃料和車用燃料的實用階段,只是需要專門的燃料供應(yīng)系統(tǒng),受到管道鋪設(shè)和地域限制,許多地方還不具備這樣的條件。天然氣制取甲醇,可以把偏遠地區(qū)的天然氣原料變成便于貯運的液體,這是一條更好的路子。但是,最根本的問題還是天然氣的貯量也很有限,它只不過能把車用石油燃料的危機稍微拖后一些。實際上,當(dāng)石油危機出現(xiàn)時,各種能源用戶競相改用天然氣替代,天然氣可以維持的時間就會更短。因此,天然氣不能成為后石油時代來到后的主導(dǎo)能源并且,到那時它本身也將是被取代的對象。2.4.2其他化石能源關(guān)于煤、石油、天然氣以外的化石能源,還有油頁巖、油砂及其它一些可燃性化石,就現(xiàn)在所知,它們開采利用的難度比較大,更主要的是貯量也很有限,也不能成為替代石油的主導(dǎo)能源。25煤炭的傳統(tǒng)利用和現(xiàn)代化利用煤炭在中國的蘊藏量(地質(zhì)貯量)和已探明的可采貯量,按照可以互相比較的熱值計算,比石油和天然氣多得多。如前所述,在本世紀開始的時候,中國石油的地質(zhì)貯量為940億t,已探明的可采貯量只剩33億t,包括近海石油的進步勘探,預(yù)計常規(guī)可采貯量為115億t,折合成標(biāo)煤分別為1344億t,47億t和164億t。而煤的地質(zhì)貯量為45000億t,已探明的可采貯量為186億t,常規(guī)可采貯量可達7650億t,折合成標(biāo)煤分別為32130億t,1347億t和5462億t,分別是石油的24倍,29倍和33倍。這樣,煤作為石油的應(yīng)急替代能源是最有現(xiàn)實意義的。特別是對我國而言,豐富的煤炭資源可以保證百年能源安全。在美國、澳大利亞、南非等富煤國家也是如此。這個觀點在中國科技界和經(jīng)濟界絕大多數(shù)人們中間是公認的。M凵中國煤化工但是,煤的傳統(tǒng)利用方式,無論工業(yè)應(yīng)用CNMH!采用直接燃燒。這種傳統(tǒng)利用方式,不僅效率低、浪費大,而且對環(huán)境的污染特別嚴重,如前所述,已經(jīng)到了全世界都不能容忍的程度。因此,這種方式不可能成為替代石油328應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊的方式。煤炭的現(xiàn)代化利用,就是我國提出的煤凈化工程,就是煤的氣化利用,就是煤制甲醇及其衍生物醚類、酯類等,就是煤變油以及煤化工等。煤的氣化利用,已經(jīng)是成熟技術(shù),并且有了相當(dāng)規(guī)模的實際應(yīng)用,但是,煤氣的貯運比較困難,覆蓋面有限,不可能成為替代石油的主要形式,在此不加多說。煤制甲醇及其衍生物二甲醚等配制的車用燃料、工業(yè)燃料和民用燃料,國內(nèi)外已有比較成熟的技術(shù)。目前,它們總的生產(chǎn)成本費用,按熱值計算,已經(jīng)低于汽油和其它石油成品油,并且,這種高含氧燃料的實際熱值是更高一些的。例如,一般對汽油的替代比可由2/1提高到3/2。這些結(jié)論是通過大量實驗和實踐得出來的,沒有什么異議。目前還有一些異議的是甲醇燃料的動力性能、毒性、腐蝕性等三個問題。3車用甲醇燃料31甲醇燃料在動力性能上是否可以替代汽油、柴油自上世紀70年代石油危機以來,中國和美、歐、日等許多國家在這方面都做了大量的實驗、示范和實際應(yīng)用,主要有三種情況。3.1.1?3%~5%的甲醇與汽油摻燒這實際上相當(dāng)于在汽油中加了一點增氧劑,在歐洲和中國都曾廣泛應(yīng)用,結(jié)果是不僅沒有影響汽油的動力性能,而且增加了辛烷值,減少了排氣污染。3.1.2使用80%的甲醇和20%的添加劑,或者100%的純甲醇美國、德國、日本和中國都研制成功了這樣的專用汽車結(jié)果只需在汽車的部分零件防腐和形成混合氣時少用一些空氣,即可正常運行并顯著減少排氣污染。3.1.3使用任意比例的甲醇與汽油摻燒為了實現(xiàn)這樣的摻燒,美、歐、日大都釆用特制的靈活燃料汽車(FFV)或雙燃料汽車(DFV),運行效果相當(dāng)好,排氣污染也大大減少,只是目前這種車價還比較高,燃料加注站點還遠不如汽油方便因而影響了推廣使用。目前,由于中國在汽車制造技術(shù)上還比較落后,因而較多地采用了甲醇專用汽車和改造燃料配制兩種辦法。甲醇專用汽車比F、DFV汽車簡單,成本也比較低,比較適合中國目前的情況,只是還需要大力發(fā)展這種汽車,并建立相應(yīng)的甲醇燃料供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)。關(guān)于改造燃料配制,中國的有關(guān)方面針對甲醇的性質(zhì),先后研制成功了一些醇油助溶劑、腐蝕抑制劑和性能改良劑等,以漯河石化集團為代表,實現(xiàn)了甲醇與其它液態(tài)醇及醚類、酯類、烴類等的復(fù)合配制,使得在不用改變現(xiàn)有汽車結(jié)構(gòu)和不影響動力性能的情況下,就可以50%65%大比例地使用甲醇,并實現(xiàn)與汽油的隨機替代?？偠灾?無論是上述三種情況的哪一種,在動力性能方面,甲醇燃料取代石油燃料已經(jīng)沒有什么問題,已經(jīng)進入了有V中國煤化工32關(guān)于甲醇燃料的毒性CNMHG業(yè)務(wù)管理部門的某些人對這個問題尚缺乏透徹地了解,競爭者也施放了些混肴是非的言論,因此,必須實事求是地正確對待這種異議。我們在另一篇論增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料文《甲醇—一后石油時代的希望之星》中,已經(jīng)作了論述。毒性問題涉及到接觸人群的生命安全,是人們非常關(guān)心的一個問題。關(guān)于甲醇的毒性,除了作為一般物質(zhì)早已進行測定外,當(dāng)它作為燃料被開發(fā)時,有關(guān)的開發(fā)者及其國家科技、衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保等部門,都更認真地作了研究和分析測試,美國和中國尤其典型。美國國家工程院院士、福特公司的 Roberta nichol s博士應(yīng)我國中科院潘奎潤研究員的要求,曾專門寫了一篇文章,闡明福特公司“在1983年生產(chǎn)第一輛甲醇汽車前,就對甲醇的毒性影響進行了詳細研究”,結(jié)論是:“如果對甲醇正確對待,是不會有健康問題的”,“總的說來,甲醇是比汽油更安全的燃料”。中國在開發(fā)甲醇燃料的初期,原國家科委就委托北京醫(yī)科大學(xué),就“甲醇中毒機理”、“甲醇對人體健康的影響”等課題,做了三年的跟蹤實驗研究,并和不接觸甲醇的人群進行了嚴格地對比,得出了與美國能源部及福特公司完全一致的結(jié)論,即:只要遵守操作規(guī)程,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)人體健康有任何異常。另外,還有許多旁證對甲醇的毒性進行了充分地說明。甲醇有毒,但是決非某些人誣稱的“劇毒”,而是典型的“中等毒性”。中國石化出版社最新出版的《有害物質(zhì)及其檢測》一書中,列出了“毒物毒性分級”(見表1)。表1毒物毒性分級1大白鼠一次口服對人致死量毒性分級半致死量(LD3)/(mg·kg)每千克體重劑量/g60kg體重總劑量劇毒小于1小于0.050.1~0.3高毒05~0.50.3~30.0中等毒0~5000.5-5.030.0~250.0低毒500~50005.0~15250.0-1000微毒5000以上15以上1000以上1996年化工出版社出版的張樹林等主編的《急性中毒診斷與急救》一書中,列出了常見有害物質(zhì)的中毒量和致死量,其中甲醇的致死量為75mL,乘以密度0.7914g/mL等于59.3g,確切地在“中等毒”范圍內(nèi)。乙醇也在這個范圍內(nèi)。該書中的數(shù)據(jù)還表明,常見的三酸兩堿、醋酸、草酸、水楊酸、硫酸銅等都比甲醇的毒性大得多。那么,甲醇的“劇毒”說從哪里來的呢?有資料表明有人把“mL”誤當(dāng)“mg”,因而把甲醇的毒性擴大791倍,這樣,有的人以訛傳訛,有的人正好借用來攻擊和污蔑甲醇燃料。在涉及替代即將枯竭的石油以保證我國經(jīng)濟安全和國家安全的重大問題上,希望再也不要幽溫了!實際上,甲醇是一種自然界天然存在的物CNMHG菜和飲料,人體平均每天每千克體重吸收0.3-1.1mg的醇,個70kg體重的人,每天自然地吸收21~77mg的甲醇。甲醇對視神經(jīng)的作用比較顯著,因此,甲醇決不能應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊作為飲料飲用,在酒類生產(chǎn)中既不能加入甲醇,也不能使用含甲醇的工業(yè)酒精勾對酒。在假酒事件中造成致盲致命問題,就是由于大量飲用含有大量甲醇的假酒造成的,依法嚴懲這種假酒制造者是非常必要的。但是,不能飲用并不是不能作其它用途,世界上大多數(shù)物質(zhì)都是不能作為飲食的?！妒称诽砑觿┦謨浴?9318條明確指出3),GB2760-1990將甲醇列為食品加工助劑,可以作為食品的萃取溶劑,其用量可以根據(jù)生產(chǎn)需要而不受限制。該條還指出,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織(FAO)和世界衛(wèi)生組織(WH0)也表明了上述觀點。3.3關(guān)于甲醇燃料對環(huán)境的影響這是一個與毒性有關(guān)的問題。這個問題包括兩個方面:一方面是液體甲醇貯運使用過程中的滲漏、濺灑、蒸發(fā)等影響,因為甲醇能與水混溶,易被生物降解,所以即使有一些滲漏或濺灑,也易于從環(huán)境中脫除,相比之下,不溶于水的汽油、柴油等卻很難脫除;另一方面是燃燒后的排氣污染問題,因為甲醇有豐富的內(nèi)含氧,易于完全燃燒,所以排氣中CO、HC、NOx、PM等污染比汽油、柴油少得多,并且根本沒有化石燃料特有的苯、芳烴、烯烴及其它致癌物質(zhì)。在這方面,所有有關(guān)部門和單位都有測試證明,國際能源機構(gòu)對各種汽車燃料的排放做了權(quán)威性的比較測定,詳見表2。表2各種汽車燃料常規(guī)排放平均值(單位:g/km)氫二甲醚甲醇天然氣石油氣汽油汽油(H2)(DME) MIO0 (CNG) (LPG)柴油(有凈化器)(無凈化器)0.120.340.400.890.24l.478.960.040.040.410.120.100.091.270.160.670.322.64總排放量0.040.480.941.1712.87定性分析微量很少較少較多較多較多較多最多由表2可知,甲醇的常規(guī)排放僅次于超清潔燃料氫氣和二甲醚,比CNLPG、柴油汽油等都好得多。有人從自己設(shè)想的理論上推測,由于甲醇有內(nèi)含氧,因而NOx排放的多,實踐證明是錯誤的。各種汽車燃料排放量比較見表3。表3各種汽車燃料非常規(guī)排放量比較(單位:g/km)氫甲醇甲醇天然氣石油氣汽油汽油(H2)M100 M85 (CNG) (LP柴油YH右海化聾)(無凈化器)中國煤化工苯CNMHG1,3丁二烯0<0.5<0.5<0.51.00.6甲醛05.85.8<2.0<2.0122.5增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料331由表3可知,甲醇M100根本沒有苯和丁二烯排放,所謂的甲醛污染,也比汽油、柴油少得多,汽油安裝凈化器時才與甲醇排放的甲醛在一個數(shù)量級上。3.4關(guān)于甲醇燃料的腐蝕性腐蝕性是汽車制造商最為關(guān)心的問題,繼反對車用燃料含氧遭到拒絕之后,他們又把矛頭指向最有希望取代石油燃料的甲醇燃料,不允許汽車燃油中含有甲醇,這是沒有道理的。因為:①甲醇燃料的腐蝕性是由于它含有羥基OH,比較容易吸水和生成甲酸。但是,乙醇等其它含氧化合物都有這種性質(zhì),況且,這個問題世界各國都已采用添加腐蝕抑制劑或其它辦法解決了,為什么要單單排斥甲醇呢?②即使醇類和其它含氧化合物有一些腐蝕性,在石油枯竭即將來臨的大趨勢下,除了燃料制造商釆取防腐措施外,汽車制造商也應(yīng)該適應(yīng)形勢,對有關(guān)零件釆取防腐措施,而不應(yīng)該因此否定甲醇燃料!③甲醇燃料在世界許多國家和地方都有了自己的標(biāo)準,并已投入實際應(yīng)用,并被舉世公認為“清潔燃料”。例如,美國就制訂了M85的國家標(biāo)準,歐洲一些國家也有自己的甲醇燃料標(biāo)準。2002年,我國山西省頒布了甲醇燃料的地方標(biāo)準,全國其他地方頒布企業(yè)標(biāo)準者已有10多家,特別是2001年漯河石化集團頒布的《車用清潔甲醇汽油》企業(yè)標(biāo)準Q/LHSH001-2001,已經(jīng)實施四年多,指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)銷售了20多萬t品,沒有出現(xiàn)過任何質(zhì)量問題。上述情況說明了什么呢?說明關(guān)于甲醇燃料在動力性、毒性、腐蝕性等方面的異議是應(yīng)該消除的。3.5煤變油與煤制甲醇燃料的比較煤變油有兩種形式:①煤直接液化——將煤在高溫高壓條件下催化加氫直接液化合成液態(tài)烴類,再精制制取汽油、柴油。國際上有德國ICOR工藝、美國H-COAL工藝等,中國神華集團準備在內(nèi)蒙建設(shè)一個年產(chǎn)320萬t油品的裝置計劃2007年10月投產(chǎn)。這種煤變油工藝條件苛刻(高壓15~30MPa,高溫440550℃),裝置投資大(7000元/t油品),耗煤多(4t煤/t油品),產(chǎn)品成本高,質(zhì)量差;②煤間接液化合成油——將煤先氣化成合成氣,通過費托工藝轉(zhuǎn)化成烴類化合物,再精制制取汽油、柴油。南非薩索爾公司擁有此項技術(shù)。去年6月份,我國有關(guān)方面與南非薩索爾公司簽訂了意向書,擬在陜西和寧夏建立兩套煤變油裝置,總投資60億美元,規(guī)模為年產(chǎn)600萬t油品。這套工藝比煤直接液化條件溫和油品質(zhì)量也比較好,但是投資也太大(10000元/t油品),耗煤更多(5t煤/t油品)。上述兩種煤變油形式,雖然目前在我國很有一些熱度,但是都存在很大的問題。根本的問題還在于,它既不符合市場經(jīng)洲V中國煤化工在國際制裁下被迫作出的選擇現(xiàn)在是否行得通,應(yīng)該看日CNMHG前市場上有競爭能力),又不符合科技的新發(fā)展。這方面的科技新發(fā)展是什么呢?一是要適應(yīng)新配方清潔燃料必須含氧2%以上的要求;二是新型醇醚清潔燃料的興起。332應(yīng)用用化工2006年第35卷增刊新配方清潔燃料要求必須含氧,表明以前完全不含氧的烴類燃料是不科學(xué)的,因為它燃燒不完全,既影響燃燒效率,又嚴重污染環(huán)境。由此看來,煤變油雖然也是清潔煤工程的一種形式,但是它已經(jīng)比不上煤制甲醇清潔燃料。煤變油和煤制甲醇清潔燃料比較情況見表4。表4煤變油和煤制甲醇清潔燃料的比較比較項目煤變油煤制甲醇燃料備注少數(shù)國家試用或者國外制取甲醇以天然氣技術(shù)應(yīng)用情況許多國家普遍應(yīng)用示范性應(yīng)用為主要原料投資需求情況7000~10000元/t油,1000-3500元/t產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)可利用眾多化肥廠總投資數(shù)10億美元總投資大小皆可聯(lián)產(chǎn),節(jié)省投資油的理論熱值是甲醇的耗煤情況4-5.5t/t油1.5-1.8t/t產(chǎn)品2倍,實際不到1.5倍生產(chǎn)成本費用大于5000元/t油小于1400元/t產(chǎn)品按熱值計算,煤制甲醇的成本為煤變油的1/2產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量還須添加內(nèi)含氧燃料舉世公認的清潔燃料煤變油與傳統(tǒng)的汽油、柴和實用性才能達到清潔標(biāo)準油近似,成分比較復(fù)雜產(chǎn)品的其它用途還是基本化工原料3.6甲醇燃料與石油燃料的比較石油大規(guī)模開采應(yīng)用100多年來,幫助人們創(chuàng)造了前所未有的現(xiàn)代文明。它作為燃料,不僅大規(guī)模用于發(fā)電、工業(yè)窯爐和民用炊事、取暖等,而且大規(guī)模用作各種車輛、飛機、艦船和動力機械的發(fā)動機燃料。后來,又開辟了石油化工新領(lǐng)域,為人類社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展及生活的各個方面做出了空前的貢獻。但是,石油也有嚴重的缺點和錯誤。缺點是它作為化石能源,貯量非常有限。錯誤是它的復(fù)雜組分和燃燒排氣中有許多有害成分,嚴重地污染了環(huán)境和危害了人們的身體健康?，F(xiàn)在,我們給石油的客觀評價應(yīng)該是:空前的功勞即將成為過去,很快就要枯竭的缺點必須予以彌補,污染環(huán)境和危害人們健康的錯誤必須糾正。與天然的復(fù)雜的石油相比,人造的純潔的甲醇,不僅作為燃料時可以以相似的性能替代石油,而且可以徹底彌補石油的缺點和糾正石油的錯誤。在作為化工原料和其它用途方面,凡是石油能做的事情,甲醇都能做,而且可以做得更好。即使是以石油為基料的“石油化工”,也必將為“甲醇化工”或者叫“一碳化工”所取代。HH中國煤化工在本文主要論述的燃料領(lǐng)域,石油燃料週CNMH所趨,甲醇燃料取而代之也是大勢所趨。這其中的原因前面已經(jīng)講了一些,綜合起來如下:①石油資源即將枯竭,尚余的石油資源最好用于有10倍效益的石油化工。甲醇燃增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料333料可以以煤、天然氣或者可以再生的碳氫化合物作原料,在我國,使用貯量豐富的煤制甲醇,就可以確保百年以上的能源安全;②石油燃料造成嚴重的環(huán)境污染,特別是越來越多的車用石油燃料,污染環(huán)境和危害人身健康已經(jīng)到了無法承受的程度。繼含鉛汽油被取締之后,無鉛汽油也正在進行清潔化改造。首先,在美國興起的“新配方清潔汽油”和“歐Ⅱ、歐Ⅲ、歐Ⅳ標(biāo)準”清潔燃料,不僅要求汽油中必須含有2%以上的氧,而且嚴格限制了石油中必含的硫、苯、芳烴、烯烴等有害物質(zhì)的含量,如果有不含這些有害物質(zhì)的車用燃料,石油成品油被徹底取代是理所當(dāng)然的事情;③甲醇燃料已經(jīng)具備了取代石油燃料的市場競爭能力。表5以車用汽油和車用甲醇燃料為例,對二者進行了比較。表5甲醇燃料與石油燃料的比較比較項目車用汽油車用甲醇燃料備注多碳液態(tài)輕烴混合物最簡單的飽和一元醇CH3OH含有300多種組分,主不僅有像汽油一樣的親油烴基化學(xué)特性要是親油烴基化合物,還有親水羥基,另外還有幾種醚、對有機材料有溶解性酯、烴及微量添加劑,需加腐蝕抑和腐蝕性制劑抑制其腐蝕性密度0.73kg/L,沸點35密度079kg/L,沸點64.7℃,低混合氣熱值相物理特性205℃,低熱值42500kJ/kg,熱值21109kJ/kg,混合氣熱值混合氣熱值2920kJ/kg似,后者還略高3080kJ/k辛烷值RON90~98,燃燒辛烷值RON112~133,燃燒界動力性能界限1.4%~7.6%,現(xiàn)有限6.0%-36.5%。國內(nèi)外臺架汽車的動力參數(shù)據(jù)此設(shè)計試驗和行撤實踐證明,可與汽油車相當(dāng)燃料本身組分中含有燃料本身組分單純,擁有50%環(huán)保清潔有害物質(zhì)和致癌物質(zhì),的內(nèi)含氧,燃燒完全,排氣中性能排氣中CO、 HC NO、CO、HC、NOx、PM等有害物質(zhì)PM等污染嚴重比汽油車顯著減少閃點只有6.1℃,著火火災(zāi)安全性閃點12℃,著火后可以用后不能用水澆滅水澆滅貯運使用是貯運使用方便的液體方便性是貯運使用方便的液體現(xiàn)在市場價90以上超過現(xiàn)在市場價按與汽沖等執(zhí)值計經(jīng)濟性和000元/t,并且將繼續(xù)漲價,算,為汽中國煤化工社會影響直到無貨供應(yīng),造成能源危油危機CNMHG機,威脅經(jīng)濟安全、國家安國家化解可能出現(xiàn)的石油危機,全和人民生活保證我國百年以上能源安全334應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊4全世界都在高度關(guān)注后石油時代的替代能源,我們應(yīng)該與世界同步,或者發(fā)揮我們的優(yōu)勢,先走一步,對人類做出自己的貢獻由于石油枯竭的臨近和環(huán)保問題的嚴重,全世界都在高度關(guān)注后石油時代的替代能源。美國布什政府最近出臺了一份長達1300多頁的能源報告,對此問題表示了空前的重視。10月12~13日在美國休斯頓召開了第三屆國際甲醇論壇會議,有近百個國家的專家學(xué)者、企業(yè)家和政府官員出席,會議也表示了對這個問題的高度重視。耗油大國美、中、日、歐等對此問題重視是理所當(dāng)然的。已經(jīng)宣揚多年解決了代油問題的巴西、南非等國也關(guān)注甲醇燃料,卻從另一個角度說明了問題。什么問題呢?即巴西的乙醇燃料和南非的煤變油,并不能徹底解決后石油時代的代油問題,他們還必須另辟途徑。我國作為僅次于美國的耗油大國,為了社會經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和國家安全,面對缺油少氣和多煤的國情,把節(jié)油、代油和對環(huán)境友好的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策提到了非常重要的位置。黨中央、國務(wù)院和國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的內(nèi)政外交,都一再突出了這個問題。胡錦濤主席最近在聯(lián)合國莊嚴地表示:中國要大力建設(shè)資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型社會。中共中央關(guān)于第十一個五年計劃的建議也正式提出了這樣的國策要求“積極開發(fā)和推廣資源節(jié)約、替代和循環(huán)利用技術(shù)”。實際上,我國的石油、天然氣資源遠遠不能滿足像現(xiàn)在這樣的消耗,依靠大量進口,不僅經(jīng)濟上劃不來、安全上有風(fēng)險,世界油氣市場也供應(yīng)不了。關(guān)于核電、乙醇汽油以及其它辦法,經(jīng)過試驗和深思之后,將發(fā)現(xiàn)它們只能作為補充,而不可能作為代油的主導(dǎo)能源。比較和優(yōu)選的結(jié)果,必然是選擇符合國情的清潔煤工程。如前所說,在清潔煤工程中,最好的路線是煤制甲醇或者說煤制醇醚清潔燃料。在當(dāng)前,天然氣制甲醇也行;在以后,秸稈或其它碳氫化合物制甲醇也行。當(dāng)然,全世界探尋的石油替代能源除了煤變油和乙醇汽油外,還有太陽能、風(fēng)能、水能、地?zé)?、氫能和燃料電池?還有所謂的海底冰或者其它,有的現(xiàn)在看來只是美好的幻想。人類為了自己的生存和發(fā)展,必須是現(xiàn)實主義者,如果承諾擔(dān)當(dāng)代油重任而實際上擔(dān)當(dāng)不了,那將是對人類的犯罪。煤制甲醇燃料這條路線,不僅在我國是必然走的,在富煤的美國、南非及其他國家也將是必然走的。當(dāng)秸稈或其它碳氫化合物制甲醇的技術(shù)問題更好解決后,所有國家都會走這條路的。我國的先輩V凵中國煤化工“留得青山在,不怕沒柴燒”,我們應(yīng)該很好地繼承這CNMH<做出更大的貢獻。增刊吳域琦等:后石油時代的甲醇燃料33參考文獻[1]李金.有害物質(zhì)及其檢測[M].北京:中國石化出版社,2002[2]張樹林急性中毒診斷與急救[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,1996[3]凌關(guān)庭食品添加劑手冊[M]北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,1993作者簡介:吳域琦(1963-),男,中國漯河石化集團有限公司高級工程師,博士、教授,美國檀香山大學(xué)MBA博士。中國管理科學(xué)院學(xué)術(shù)委員會研究員,世界生產(chǎn)力促進委員會高級顧問,中國中油能源集團有限公司董事局主席,中國漯河石化集團控股有限公司董事局主席,中國石油化工行業(yè)中小企業(yè)工作委員會常務(wù)副主席,國家醇醚燃料與醇醚清潔汽車專業(yè)委員會委員,中國氮肥工業(yè)協(xié)會甲醇專業(yè)委員會常委,中國新型能源和醇醚燃料行業(yè)著名科學(xué)家。電話:86-395598802,htt:;/hsom中國煤化工CNMHG第35卷增刊應(yīng)用化工2006年10月Applied Chemical Industry0ct.2006The methanol fuel of latter petroleum erawU Yu-qi, FENG Xiang-faChina Luohe Petrochemical Group Holding Co, Ltd, Luohe 462000, ChinaAbstract: The latter petroleum era is coming, the environmental problems is growing, the de-partment of scie-tech, energy, environmental protection in the world even the United Nationsand Governments are highly concerned about oil clean alternative energy, all kinds of alternative energy is also competing for the replacable right. In light of this situation, this articlewill elucidate the view of Only methanol fuel is the most perfect fuel in latter petroleum eraearly with scientific data analyses, and remove the worries of energy, environmental protection departments and the consumersKey words petroleum; methanol; fuel; alternative energy methanol fuelEbullated-bed technologyThe latter petroleum era is coming, the environmental problems is growing, thedepartment of scie-tech, energy, environmental protection in the world even the UnitedNations and Governments are highly concerned about oil clean alternative energy, allkinds of alternative energy is also competing for the replacable right. In addition tomore objective science, the prolocutors of alternative energy is the owners and defend-ers of these energy. Competition is very intense. Thereinto, the most promising is thmost serious attacks, such as methanol fuel, Power performance, toxic, corrosive andso on, as if this is already widely used as a basic chemical raw material. when it is beextended to be used in the fuel field, all have become unserviceable things This iswhy? Technology group made some defence for methanol, all the books and articles about methanol notes that methanol is the most basic chemical raw materials. in addition, it is the typical clean fuel. However, as if also a bit shifty-eyed. For examplemost people said that coal, gas or other hydrocarbons can be made into alcohol-etherclean fuels, and then around a bend, and then noted that alcohol-ether clean fuelmeans that is major methanol and dimethyl ether. Although the notes is not imprecisebut, after all, methanol, as protagonists has been brought up. In fact, alcohol fuelsincluding methanol and methanol fuels, including its ramification, ether, esters, twoarguments are one thing中國煤化工Fortunately, the" China Council for InterHCNMHGn Environmentand Development"report and the authority of the article and some have been clearlypointed out: after some years, methanol fuel will override other fuels dominant po-增刊WU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum en337ition until a new better fuel truly developed and the practical application of inputsThen, why wait until some years later? Why not in accordance with market rules fromnow on as a substitute for oil and save oil for more important things? The main reasonis related to the management of some people also do not understand the questionsome of the existing oil companies and petroleum alternative fuels competitive enterprises are opposed for their own immediate interestsHowever, who is the dominant alternative fuels in latter petroleum era? Franklythere is no unified understanding yet now, various documents and statements in mycountry show that the administration are also hesitating and they are not recognizethe replace right of the methanol fuelIn the light of this situation, this article will elucidate the view of "Only methanol fuel is the most perfect fuel in latter petroleum era"early with scientific data ana-lyses, and remove the worries of energy, environmental protection departments andthe consumers. It is also sincerely to persuade some people who also do not understand the problem should be understand the question earlier. More important, firmmethanol fuel developers confidence to play their advantages, "profit-making in thisfield early", and make a contribution for sustainable development of human societyand avoiding a war for oil1 How serious about the energy and environmental protection?World energy consumption began from the large-scale petrochemical energyarticularly large-scale oil exploitation. It only took 100 years, it makes millions ofyears of accumulated oil will have been depleted storage. This non-renewable petrole-um have been depleted around the world after it entered the oil era. At that timethere must be a new alternative or substitute for oil energy. This view is recognizedAs the massive consumption of petrochemical energy, brought serious environ-mental problems that threaten human survival and development, this perspective is also recognizedHowever, there is greater urgency and differences about the two recognizedviews, some people underestimate the seriousness of the two problems, they comfortthemselves with the geological reserves of fossil energy or drift along, but the provenreserves of fossil energy is a small part of the geonHH中國煤化工 ploitation is asmall part of the proven reserves. Particularly thdCN Gay be takenwhether optimistic or pessimistic data, the data have been very clear, they will be de-pleted very soon if large-scale mining and consumption as now, also the environmental338應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊pollution caused by fossil energy have threat the human and the Earth safe seriouslyIf some enterprises think scorn of these, when every nation Governments implementthe United Nations“ Rio declaration”,"“ Agenda2l” and the“ Montreal Protocol”and the Kyoto Protocol", these enterprises will there is no escape Because if notthe Earths ozone will be destroyed, acid rain frequency dropped and difficult diseaseproblems, it is very difficult to subsistence to human and the Earth. There have beensamples before. A long time ago, the automobile manufacturers opposed to add the in-clusion of oxygen-containing compounds in gasoline, because the methanol is corro-sive, but in 1990, the U. S. Congress passed the "Clean Air Act Amendments, "andspread forcibly new formula clean gasoline",oxygen-containing compounds becomethe necessary component in"new formula clean gasoline"to be added1.1 About energyHow many years will be sustained about the world's oil resources? The totalglobal oil reserves, estimates for 650 billion tons optimistically, estimates for the 270billion tons pessimistically, has actually proved to be a much lower rank than that. Inthe 21st century begins, the global proven oil reserves may be taken to 1033. 0 billionbarrels, equivalent to 147. 6 billion tons. By 2000 the actual cost 73 million barrelsper day, it can maintain 40 years; oil Consumption by the United States Department ofEnergy forecast an annual increase of 2%0, it only maintain 25 -30 years. By 2010half of the global oil resources will be consumed off, it would be a source of energyand a key moment panic!Chinas abundance of oil reserves below the global average, although it is expected to 94 billion tons of geological reserves, but when the new centubegan, provenreserves are only 3. 3 billion tons could be taken. China's oil consumption is 2700million tons in 2004, only maintain to 2012. Or if not import or not look for alternative fuel, only to the maintenance of 2019 if import 100 million tons of oil per yearso,the problem is unavoidable1. 2 About environmental pollutionWith regard to environmental pollution, Earth has reach to the unsustainable lev-els since large-scale fossil fuels have been used, for example, the current global annual consumption of the fossil fuels as a fuel is中國煤化工 standard coal,of which 3. 7 billion tons of oil (equal to standYHCNMHG, 4.5 billiontons of coal ( equal to standard 3. 2 billion tons ) 2 63 trillion cubic meters of natual gas (equal to 3. 5 billion tons standard coal), it will produce 37 billion tons CO增刊wU Yu-qi et al The methanol fuel of latter petroleum era339fter burning. According to the Swedish meteorologists B. bORLiN estimates, theannual land plant photosynthesis fixed for the 200-300 million tons of Co2. The onlyman-made combustion of fossil energy to produce 370 million tons of CO2, plus lifebreath, organisms decompose and fires produce CO2, seriously more than greenplants absorb CO2, have begun to cause damage the Earths ozone and other anomalies. Meanwhile, the burning of coal and oil to produce a large number of So2, andcause to great acid rain, resulting in the destruction of Earth vegetation, agriculturalreduction of output. Fossil fuel combustion, many carcinogens including other harm-ful substances is causing some difficult diseases. Thus, in 1972, the United Nationsconvened a human Environment Conference, and in 1992 convened a Human Envi-ronment and Development Conference, and unanimously adopted the "Rio Declaration” and the“ Agenda2l”. It also concluded on this“ United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change”,the“ Kyoto Protocol” and the“ Montreal protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer", has begun to pay serious attention to andcontrol environmental pollution. All parties, including China, to assume the corresponding obligationsThere are a large population in China, rapid economic development after theform and opening up, take the coal as mainly one-off fuel energy, and a direct coalcombustion is the most dirty. The amount of Chinese fuel oil is very large, and thelack of the necessary clean energy measures, fuel combustion pollution in China isone of the most serious in fuel combustion. United Nations Development Departmentpointed out in 2002 China Human Development Report: China's environmentalproblems, they felt air pollution when foreign tourists arrived at some cities in Chi-na”,“ Chinese cities air quality is far below the international standards”,and“ thereare 16 cities in China among the world most serious pollution 20 cities"These haveattracted the attention of the Chinese government, the State Council established Leading Group for Environmental Protection after China participated in the 1972UnitedNations Conference on Human Environment. Passed the "Environmental protectionLaw", it start to take the environmental protection as"basic national policy"from the1983, and attended to the United Nations environment and development conference in1992 and signed the relevant documents, in 199中國煤化工 wo times aboutChina’s“ Law of Atmospheric Pollution and thCN MH Ghas also set upair pollution index (API), which Syndicated news of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxidecompounds and total suspended particles, the overall air quality, levels 1, 2 means340應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊that is suitable for long-term life, levels 3 means that the short-term acceptable level4 and 5 levels that are not suitable for people to live. In 1999, 335 cities in the air bytesting, more than 40% of the city can only reach 4 and 5 levels. The World Bankestimates Chinas urban air pollution due to the number of death and disease, if airpollution down to the level permitted by Chinese standards, 178,000 deaths could beavoided each year, equivalent to 7% of the total number of deaths cities, this showsthat this is a big problem about life and death of humanTaken together, these effects are the following[1Oil resources"semi-lifetime"in 2010 or so, and caused the hurricane including high oil consumption; prices rose more; some oilfield production declined rapidly; frequent happen on Economically and even militarily for the oil resources and thetransport; mainly depend on oil energy country is seriously threatened in economic security and national security; many national governments and consumers have psycho-pressure[2]Oil fuel, particularly automotive oil fuel, pollution is found step by stepand are banned or severely restricted, for example, the unleaded petrol will be substitute by new formula as a for clean gasoline after leaded petrol was banned, Now de-veloped country have take the first step, Beijing, China. at least to this departs firststep before 2008. thereinto the increase of oxygen content and sulphur content, ben-zene content, aromatic hydrocarbon content, alkene content will increasingly strictrestrictions, eventually have to ban the use of oil as a fuel for vehicles[3JOil, after all, have help people to create modern nearly 100 years, besideas fuel, and It also have a higher value in the petrochemical industry field. For exam-ple, used as chemical fiber, ruet, Plastics or other chemical products utilizationenerally more 10 times value than as fuel. Because of a shortage of oil, it is possibleto occur shortage of chemical products taken oil as raw materials, and impact the eco-nomic development and peoples normal life, therefore, it will become an irresistibletrend to save oil2 Many choices of alternative energy oilAlternative oil energy, there are natural gas, coal and renewable energy, windenergy, water energy, solar energy, geothermYH中國煤化工 energy andinexhaustible supply of hydrogen energy. In piCN MH Gpeed the devel-opment of science and technology, it is difficult to prevent the development of humansociety because the lack of oil. However, whether the current oil who is the best增刊wU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum era341hoice? This requires a careful and objective comparison2.1 Solar energy, wind energy, water energy2. 1.1 The direct use of solar thermal radiation For example, solar water heatershave scale applications, solar energy stove also has practical applications. Solar pho-tovoltaic cells, solar energy is a high-tech applications, has been considerable maturity,is to further development and the applications. Energy of solar radiation to theground reach 2. 2 x 10J, 0. 04% are absorbed by green plants after be reflected orre-radiation of space return, there are still 8.8 x10J, it could sustain human sur-vival and development if we can use it only parts. However, the use of solar energyeffected by a variety of factors, such as weather and seasonal changes, solar celltechnology and cost also need to be further study. At present, the use number of solarenergy is still very limited, only replace a small portion of oil, Particularly, there ismore difficult in the area of alternative fuel, it is not possible to become the leadingenergy to replace2.1. 2 Wind energy As a renewable clean energy, resource potential in China amongst the highest in the world, China Energy Yearbook, "in 1997 show that Chinas wind energy resources can be developed is 253GW. Actually, It will add 2.7 timeswhen above the ground surface from 10 metres to 100 metres up, however,Chinascurrent large-scale, low-cost wind energy also germination, the costs of small-scalewind electricity are too high, and it is restricted in areas, therefore, it can only re-place a small portion of oil2.1.3 Water resoures China has rich water resources including hydropower in theriver hydropower and tidal energy, wave energy, is developing actively and using, electricity and water accounts for 7% in our country's energy structure. In the futurerater energy will be a more substantial proportion. However, they also are restrictedby geographical constraints, the number is difficult to replace oil as the dominantsource of energy.2.2 Biomass energyiomass energy is the energy of excretion of crop, weed, trees. They are thestorage of solar energy, is renewable energy. Quantities is large, and widely distributed, rebirth is fast. They are the mainly energy中國煤化工me,theuse obiomass energy significantly reduced since the exYHCNMHGfossil energyresulting in straw and other agricultural waste become environmental pollution, howev-er,biomass energy is still the main energy once war tensions or other factors and the342應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊lack of fossil energy, people pay attention to again biomass utilization after world oilcrisis 1973The utilization of biomass energy, traditional methods and modern methods. Tra-ditional method is very simple, but efficiency is too low, but also pollute the environment,not suitable with modern society. The use of modern biomass energy, inclu-ding gas, oil gasification and liquid fuels, biological fermentation system for fuelcells, oil-bearing crops and the direct use of system to biodiesel. These are excellentprospects, and has a considerable depth research and demonstration applications, itwill be the one of mainly energy in the future. However, the technique is a need to beimproved, and the cost have yet to be declined significantly, now, it is impossible tobe the mainly energy that replace oil2.3 Nuclear energy, hydrogen energy and fuel cells2. 3. 1 Nuclear energy mainly referring to the electricity energy produced throughnuclear fission, many countries in the world have gone into application, that will bedone in the future about the nuclear energy of thermonuclear fusion, only later. Al-though has a certain energy status in the world about the nuclear power plant has beenput into practical application, it can not become a leading substitute for oil-energyMoreover, much work will be done to take the nuclear into fuel2.3.2 Hydrogen energy meaning that release energy through the chemical combination of hydrogen and synthetic. Because hydrogen elements on Earth can be used inexhaustibly, and hydrogen combustion value is very high, after burning only producewater,so hydrogen is the ideal, the cleanest and most tremendous energy. Howeverbecause hydrogen is very difficult to be compressed or liquefied, It will have a bitechnique problem if only used the hydrogen energy, it a wide range of applications about hydrogen as a carrier of its compounds, also, it will be commerce application aftera few years. Actually, it is a kind of utilization of hydrogen energy. is non-pollutionlean vehicles. However, the cost is too high, and it will not be a dominant replace-ment for oil energy for a long time2. 4 Natural gas, other oil and gas resources2. 4. 1 The exploitation of natural gas is later than petroleum, so its residue can beused longer than petroleum. The natural gas isV凵中國煤化工 loiter.mhevolume of resources is about 6 43 trillion m, inCNMHG65. 500 milliontons of coal; its proved volume is 1. 15 trillion m, equivalent to 15. 300 million tonsof coal. There is another group of figures represents the volume of our natural gas re增刊wU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum era343sources is about 38 trillion m, equivalent to 50. 5 billion tons of coal; final adoptablevolume is 10. 5 trillion m, equivalent to 14 billion tons of coal. In view of this, thedoptable reserves of natural gas is almost the same with petroleum, its residue is only slightly more than petroleums, without too much dependencyThe total volume of natural gas is about 328 trillion m all over the world, before2004, the proved volume is 144 trillion m. At the end of 2004, the proved reservesis 172 trillion m, respective equivalent to 436. 2, 191.5, 228. 8 billion tons of coalequivalent. Maybe it will explore other more nature gas resources, but in general thequantity is limitedThe nature gas is relatively cleaner than oil and coal fuels with slightlyurca-tion, the consumption increased rapidly currently, reckon for all consumption of ener-gy in the world, before the end of the petroleum era, nature gas would be the chiefenergy.Currently, the natural gas replace petroleum had mature experience in powergeneration and civilian fuel. When it used as vehicle fuels, there are a number of dif-ferent methods to chosen. For example, liquefied natural gas directly, producingmethanol from natural gas for methanol fuel or hydrogen fuel cell2. 4. 2 The liquefied natural gas has been used in civilian fuels and vehicle fuelbut it need a special supply system for fuel, many places havent such conditions restricted by pipeline and geographical In remote areas, producing methanol from nature gas which can change the nature gas into liquid methanol convenient for storageand transport, it is a better process. However, the most fundamental problem is thenatural gas reserves are limited, it is only able to delay the crisis of vichicle-used petroleum fuel slightly. In fact, when petroleum crisis coming the users of other ener-gies switch to natural gas for replacement, the maintainable time of natural gas will beshorter. Therefore, natural gas can not be the dominant energy after petroleum era,and, by that time the nature gas will be a replaced target itself. Except the coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. petrifactive energy, there are oil shale, oil sand and someother ignitable fossil, they are all very difficult to explore and use, even more, their re-serves are limited and can not be a replacement for petroleum2.5 The traditional use of coalIn China, coal reserves( geological reserveH中國煤化工CNMHGreserves com-pare with petroleum and nature gas in accordance with the heat value, it is much morethan petroleum and gas. As mentioned before, at the beginning of this century, there應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊are 94 billion tons geological petroleum reserves, the reserves of adoptable petroleumis only 3.3 billion tons, including further exploration of offshore the expected reserveswhich can be explored is about 11.5 billion tons, equivalent to respectively 134. 4billion tons, 4. 7 billion tons and 16. 4 billion tons of coal equivalent. But the geoloical reserves of coal are 4. 5 trillion tons, the adoptable reserves are 188.6 billiontons, conventional adoptable reserves are 765 billion tons, equivalent to respectivel3. 213 trillion tons, 134. 7 billion tons and 546. 2 billion tons of coal equivalent, theyare respectively 24, 29 and 33 times if petroleum. Thus, coal as a contingency alter-native energy for replacing petroleum is the most practical. Especially for our country, the abundant coal resources can guarantee energy security for a hundred yearsUnited States, Australia, South Africa and other countries which rich in coal is aswell as China. This view has been accepted among most of people in Chinina scienceand technology domain and economic domainWhereas, the traditional methods of using coal is burning directly whether in industrial applications, civilian fuel or electricity generation. This traditional methodsof using not only inefficient, wasting too much, but it aslo pollute the environmentas mentioned before, the pollution has not been abided by the world. Therefore, thisapproach can not be a substitute for petroleumThe modern use is the coal purified project in our country that is coal gasifica-tion and coal-based-methanol and is ramifications such as ether and ester and so onThat is coal-to-oil and coal chemical industry. Coal gasification utilization is a maturetechnology and has been used in practical, but the coal-gas is more difficult for storage and transport, the popularization area is limited, so it can not be a replacementof the main process of petroleum, so we don,t said hereCoal-based-methanol and its ramifications, such as dimethyl ether blend vehiclefuels, industrial fuels and civilian fuel. Some countries have had mature technologyAt present, their overall production costs has less than gasoline and other petroleumcompared according to heat value, even more, the actual heat value of the high-oxygen-containing fuel is higher. For example, th v中國煤化工 percentage forgasoline can increased from 2/1 to 3/2.These什HCNMH Gted by a largenumber of experiments and practice, there is no objection. There are still some ob-jection that is performance of methanol fuel, the toxicity and corrosivity增刊WU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum er3453 Methanol fuel for vehicles3.1 Whether methanol fuel has posibility to replace gasoline and diesel inpower performance?Since the petroleum crisis in the 1970s, in this regard, China and the UnitedStates, Europe and Japan and many other countries have done a lot of experimentsdemonstrations and practical application, there are three conditions mainly:3.1.1 The first illustration is that 3% to 5%methanol mixed with gasoline, thisprocess increased some oxygen-increasing reagents in gasoline it has been used inEurope and China, the result is it hadnt decreased the power performance, even moreit increased the octane number and reduced exhaust pollution;3. 1.2 The second illustration mixed 80% of methanol and 20% of additives, or100% pure methanol. This kind of special-purpose vehicles has been successfullymanufactured in United States, Germany, Japan and China, the results is it just nee-ded to change some anticorrosive parts of motor vehicles, lessen the air when themixed air formed, it will normal operations and significantly reduce exhaust pollution3.1.3 The third is the use of gasoline mixed with arbitrary ratio methanol. To achieve this mixed fuel, the United States, Europe and Japan etc. countries are all using flexible fuel vehicles(FFV), or double-fuel vehicles (DFV), the operating results are very good, exhaust pollution is significantly reduced, but the price is stillvery high currently, and the fuel stations is a great way than petroleum stations, itlimited the promotion. Because China is drop behind in technology currently, so ituse methanol special-vehicle or alter the fuel. Methanol special-vehicle is simplerthan FFV, DFV, its cost is lower, and it is suitable with Chinas current situation,but it also need develop such vehicles energetically, and establish the correspondingmethanol fuel supply system. About the fuel transformation, according to methanolnature, Chinese authorities developed a number of alcohol solvents, corrosion inhibi-tors and performance ameliorant, take the Luohe Petrochemical Group as the delegate, it has carry out the liquid alcohol, ether, ester, hydrocarbon mixed togetherthe content of methanol up to 50% to 65% without changing the vehicle, and it canbe use withgasoline stochastic中國煤化工In a word, no matter which of the aboveHHCNMHser performanceaspect, methanol fuel replaced fossil fuels have no problem, it has entered a practicaltage of market346應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊3.2 About the toxicity of methanol fuelSales management department are short of acknowledge for this issue. The com-petitors released non-confusing statements, and therefore, we must treated it realistcally. In our another article"methanol-a star after petroleum era", we has discussedthe main points are as follows toxicity related to the safety of contact groups, it is agreat matter which is concerned by peopleOn the toxicity of methanol, as a general material, it has been measuratedwhen it was developed as a fuel, the developer and its national science and technolo-gy department, public health, environmental and other departments have mademore careful study and analysis of the test, especially the United States and ChinaU.S. National Academy of Engineering, Fords Dr. Roberta Nichols respond toMr. Pan Guirun who is the researcher of Chinese Academy of Sciencer, wrote a articleto clarify that fort company has done particular research before the first methanol au-tomobile come out in 1983. the conclusion is: if treat methanol correct, it withouthealth affect, overall, the methanol fuel is safer than gasolineAt the beginning of developing methanol in China, the National Science Associa-tion has commissioned Beijing Medical University has done three years of research fortracking experiments onmethanol poisoning mechanisms", "methanol affects on human health, and other topics, and compared with non-contact groups they got asame conclusion with Energy Department of American and Ford Company, that is:ifonly obey the handle rules, it will not affect the human healthMethanol is toxic, but not“ virulent toxic”, it is typical“ middling- drugs”.itlisted the toxic classification as table 1Table 1 Toxic classificationthal dose for humanOnce oral semi-lethal doseToxic, classificationfor white rot( LD50)/(mg.kg ")dose/g peravoirdupois/kg 60 kg avoirdupoisVirulent toxicLess than 1Less than 0.050.1-0Highly toxic0.05~0.50.3~30.0Middling toxic~50030.0-250.0中國煤化工CNMHG250.0~1000Slightly toxicMore than 5000More than 15More than 1000Acute poisoning and first aid diagnosis", which is edited by Zhang Shulin and增刊WU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum era347published by China Chemical Press in 1996, it identifies "the poisoning and lethaldose of commonly hazardous substances", the lethal dose of methanol is 75 ml, multiplied by the density 0. 7914g/ml amount to 59. 3 g, it is in the"Middling toxic"accurately. Ethanol is also"Middling toxic". The data in this book has also showed thatthree kinds of common acid and two kinds of alkali. such as acetic acid. oxalic acidsalicylic acid, bluestone, their toxicity are much higher than methanol. Then, wheredoes“ toxic” of methanol come from? Some data mistake“ml”tothus expanding the methanol toxicity of 791 times, so that some people incorrectly relay an erro-neous message, some people use it to attack and slander methanol fuel. In the case ofimminent depletion of petroleum to ensure that economic security and national securi-ty of our country, we wish these absurd mistakes will not come out in the future!In fact, methanol is a natural presence of the nature, the human body adsorb themethanol for 0. 3 to 1. 1 mg per kg avoirdupois through consumption of fruit, vegetables and beverages, a person with 70 kg weight would absorb methanol for 2177 mg. Methanol effect the optic nerve very prominent, therefore methanol cant drinkas belly-wash, it can not add into wine, the industry alcohol with methanol can not beadd into wine. The blinding and fatal problem which caused by fake wine, that wasadded methanol into the wine, it is very necessary to punish the perpetrators ofmanufacturer. However, methanol can't be drank but it has some other uses. mostof the material in the world cant be drankThere is a significant circumstantial evidence, "food additives manual"whichwas published by Chemical Industry Press in June 1993, its 19318 terms GB27601990 indicate that methanolcan be used asfood additive, its dosage can be decidedby producing needs without limitation. This book is also indicate that FAO and WHOhas indicated this viewpoint3.3 The environmental impact on methanol fuelThis is a toxic-related issues, which has two aspects: the first one is the leakagesplash, vaporize etc. in the storage and transport processing of liquid methanolMethanol can mixed with water, it can be biodegraded easily, so it can be taken offfrom environment even if some leakage or splash appeared, by contrast, the gasolineand diesel is not mixed with water, and it is al-\中國煤化工 taken off.Theother aspect, the combustion exhaust pollutionYHCNMHGh in oxygen inits content, it is easy to combustion completely, so the exhaust gas such as CO, HCNOx, PM is less than gasoline and diesel, and it without benzene, aromatic hydro348應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊carbon, alkene and other carcinogenic materials such as in fossil fuels. In this re-gard, all relevant departments and units have proved. The Intermational Energy Agency has compared and determined for all kinds of vehicle-fuels, as table 2Table 2 Normal exhaust average for each kindof vehicle-fuel(unit g/km)(H) DMEMethanolNatureGasolinepetroleuDieselgas( CNGgas( LPG)with purifier)(without purifier) Project00.120.340.890.240.090.040.030.100.130.160.672.640.040.190.480.941.0112. 87 Total exhaustA fewmoremoremoremostFrom the table which is provided by the International Energy Agency, it showsthat the emission of methanol fuel is just inferior to ultra-clean hydrogen and dimethylether, it is much better than CNG, LPG, diesel, petrol, etc. Some body conclude theemission of methanol fuel with more NOx because of its oxygen content, the practiceproved that they are wrongTable 3 Unnormal exhaust average for each kindof vehicle-fuel (unit: g/kmGasoline GasolineHydroc Methanol MethanolNatureProject arbon(H2) M100 M85 gas(CNG)petroleum Diesel (with (withoutgas(LPG)purifier)00.l1.50.61.00.6Formaldehyde5.85.8(2.0(2.012The table shows that methanol M100 has no benzene and butadiene emissionshe formaldehyde pollution is less than gasoline and diesel, when the gasoline withpurifier, the formaldehyde emission is the same grade with methanol fuel3. 4 The corrosive of methanol fuelCorrosive is most concerned issue for vehiof the opposition of oxygen-containing vehicle-fYH中國煤化工 r being refusedCNMHGearheadthe most promising alternative fuel-methanol fuel, and does not allow motor fuel con-tains methanol, which is not justified, because: 1)Methanol fuel corrosive because增刊wU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum erait contains hydroxy OH, it is easy to absorb water and combined to formic acidwhereas, ethanol and other oxy gen-containing compounds are all of this nature. Inaddition, all the countries have adopted adding some corrosion inhibitors or some other method to solve this problem, why do we exclude methanol alone?(2) Even if thealcohol and other oxygen compounds have some corrosiveness, under the comirtendency of drying up for petroleum, besides fuel manufacture adopt anticorrosionmeasure,the automobile manufacturer also should adapt the situation, adopt anticorrosion measure for related components, should not negative methanol fuel!(3)Themethanol fuel had own standard in many countries and district of the world, and hasstarted to practical application, and is been recognized"the clean fuel"all over theworld. For example, US drew up the M85 national standard, some countries in Euro-pean also had own methanol fuel standard. Shanxi Province in our country in 2002promulgated the methanol fuel district standard, and other district has promulgatedthe enterprise standard more than 10, Specially Luohe Petrochemical Group Co., Ltdin 2001 promulgates vehicle clean methanol gasoline enterprise standard Q/LH-SHoO1-2001, already implemented for more than 4 years, the instruction productionhas sold more than 200, 000 tons products, has not any quality problemWhat did the above situation show? It explains the demurral about methanol fuelin power capacity, toxicity, corrosiveness, is should eliminated3. 5 Compare with coal to oil and coal to methanol fuelCoal to oil has two kinds of form: One is coal direct liquefaction: the coal underthe high temperature high pressure condition catalyze add hydrocarbon, the direct liq-uefied synthesis liquid state hydrocarbon compound, then purifies prepare gasolineand diesel oil. It has German IGOR craft, American H-the COAL craft and so on in-ternationally, China Shenhua Group prepares to build 3. 2 million tons oil qualitiethe installments for one year in Mongolia, produce in October, 2007. This kind of coalto oil craft condition harshly( high-pressured 15-30 MPa, high temperature 440550C ), the installment in a big way invests(7, 000 yuan/ton oil qualities ), thecoal consumption many(4 tons coals/ton oil quality ) the product cost high,thequality is bad. The other is coal indirect liquefaction synthetic oil-first coal gasifiessynthetic gas, through the expense craft, transfo nVpurifies prepare gasoline and diesel oil. The SdH中國煤化工 mpound,thenCNMH Gnpany has thistechnology. Last June, our country and South African Sasol company have signed theintention statement, draws up establishes two sets of coals in Shaanxi and Ningxia to350應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊change the oil installment, total investment is 6 billion US dollars, the scale is 6 mil-lion tons oil qualities per year. This set of craft compared to coal direct liqueficationcondition temperate, oil quality also quite good, but it is a big investment( 10, 000yuan/'ton oil qualities ) the coal consumption are excessive (5 tons coals/ton oilaliThe above two kinds of form in coal to oil, although at present it is hot in ourcountry, but it has very problem. The basic problem also lies in, it neither conformsto the market economy situation( the same year South Africa is choice which wascompelled under international sanction to make, now whether accepted, should lookwhether its cost expense did have competitive ability in current market ), and nor con-forms to science and technology recent development. What this aspect science andtechnology recent development is? First, adapt the new formula clean fuel that mustcontain above 2% oxygen, second, spring up the new alcohol ether clean fuel.Thenew formula clean fuel request must contain the oxygen, it indicated that the hydrocarbon fuel completely does not contain the oxygen is unscientific, because it burnsincompletely, both influence combustion efficiency, and seriously pollutes the environmentherefore that, although coal to oil also is one form of the clean coal project, butit already did not compare coal to methanol clean fuel. Table 4 is the comparison ineseTable 4 Comparison both coal to oil and coal to methanol clean fuelComparison of itemoal to oilCoal to methanol fuelRemarksTechnologyFew country apply General apply in manyNatural gas as material tocountryethanol in foreign country4-5. 5ton/ton oil1.5-1 8ton/ton Oil value is two times of methanolproductionactually is not 1. 5 timesProduce costsMore than 5000ess than 1400 yuan/ton The cost of Coal to methanolproductionis 1/2 of coal to oil by valueProduce quality should add fuel canClean fuelCoal to oil are similar gasoline andand practicabilitydiesel oil, compound is complexOther produce usesAlso is basic中國煤化工mateCNMHG3. 6 Comparison between methanol fuel and petroleum fuelLarge-scale oil exploitation applications for more than 100 years, helping people增刊WU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum era351to create an unprecedented modern civilization. As fuel, not only for large-scale porer generation, industrial wastes and civilian cooking, heating, but also various largescale vehicles, aircraft, ships and power machinery engine fuel. Subsequently, andopen up new areas of petrochemical, for human life and the various aspects of socio-economic development, and made an unprecedented contribution. However, petrole-um has serious disadvantage and errors. The disadvantage is, as fossil energy, thetankage is very limited. The error is, its complex cluster and combustion exhaustmany harmful ingredients, seriously polluted the environment and endanger people'shealth. Now, we give an objective assessment of oil unprecedented effort will pastwill soon be depleted shortcomings must be filled, pollute the environment and mis-takes of endangering people's health must be rectifiedAnd compare to the complex natural oil artificial pure methanol, not only as fel, a similar performance could substitute oil, and oil can be completely offset thedisadvantages and correct mistakes of oil. As a chemical raw material and other useswhere oil can do things, methanol can do, but can do better. Even in oil-based mate-alspetrochemIcand wo replacemethanechemical” or calledcarbon chemicalThe main areas covered in the fuel, fuel oil from this text is a general trend andit is the general trend methanol fuel. These reasons have already made some, com-bined as follows: Oil resources will be depleted, the remaining oil resources arebest for the petrochemical 10 times. Methanol fuel can take coal, gas or renewablehydrocarbons as raw materials. In China, using the rich coal reserves coal to methanol, can ensure energy security for hundred years. @pEtroleum fuel cause serious en-vironmental pollution, particularly more and more vehicle petroleum fuel, pollutingthe environment and endangering human health, had reached unsustainable levelsAfter leaded gasoline has been banned, unleaded gasoline is been carrying cleantransformation. First, in the United States, the "new formula clean gasoline"and“ EuropeⅡ, EuropeⅢ, Europe IV standard” clean fuel, not only require gasolinemust contain above 2% oxygen, and strictly limit the content of sulphur, benzenearomatic hydrocarbon, alkene, and other harmful substances in petroleum, if there isnot such harmful substances vehicle fuels, it is anoil have been replaced (Methanol fuel has beerH中國煤化工 eum productCN MH Getitiveness ofreplacing petroleum fuel. Table s take the vehicle gasoline and vehicle methanol fuelas example, compare with each other.應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊Table 5 Comparison of methanol fuel and fuel oilComparison of itemVehicle gasolineVehicle clean fuelRemarksChemicalLiquid hydrocarbon admixture, The most easy saturated monohydriccharacteristiccontains more than 300alcohol CH, OH, has hydrophileconstituent, has causticityhydroxy, also have ether, esteradditive. should add cankerhydrocarbon and minim depressorcontrol causticityPhysicscharacDensity is 0. 73 kg/l, boilingDensity is 0. 79kg/1, boilingThe lattercharacteristic point is 35 -205C, low valuepoint is 64. 7C, low valuehigheris 42500 kJ/kg, gasis 1109kJ/kg,gasmixture is 2920kJ/kgmixture is 3080k/kgDrive capability Octane number is 90-98Octane number is 112 -133limit of inflame ability islimit of inflame ability is1. 47. 6%. recent drive6.0-36.5%,arameter referit to designEnvironmentection cleannent and caneraey,CO、HC、NOxcapabilityubstance,CO、HC、PM is less than autoNOx、 PM is muchFlash point is only 1℃Flash point is12℃not using water after firingsing water after firingexpedienceThe price of 90# isThe market price is 68% ofnd social influence 5000yuan/ton, and increasinggasoline, and not causesceaselessly, untilcauses energy crisis, threatenYH中國煤化工CNMHGeconomic safc and human life增刊WU Yu-qi et al: The methanol fuel of latter petroleum era3534 It is a focus that alternative energy is highly concerned all over the worldwe should simultaneously with the world, or exert our advantage, take one stepahead of others, and make our own contribution to humanityDue to the coming of petroleums depletion and the serious environmental prob-lems, the post-oil era alternative energy is highly concerned all over the world. The United Stated Bush Administration has recently announced a energy report for morehan 1, 300 pages on this problem, and has a unprecedented attention. October 12thand 13th, it held the third international methanol forum in Houston United States, experts and scholars, entrepreneurs and government officials from nearly 100 countriesattended, the meeting also expressed on the issue of high importancePower consumption country, U.S., China, Japan, Eurong this issue isconsequent. Brazil, South Africa and other countries that has advocated for manyears. Brazil,s ethanol fuel and coal into oil in South Africa. after the oil era will notsolve the problem on behalf of the oil, they also need to create new wayOur country as the big country of consuming petroleum inferior to United Statedfor sustainable development of socio-economic and state security, in the face of lessgas, it takes a highly position for saving and replacing oil. The CPC Central Committeeand the State Council in the internal affairs of diplomacy and national leaders have repeatedly highlighted the problem. President Hu Jintao recently in the UN solemnlysaid: China must vigorously construction resources saving, environmental-friendly society. CPC Central Committee on the 11th Five-Year Plan of a formal proposal madethis policy to actively develop and promote resource conservation, substitution andrecycling technology”Indeed, oil and gas resources not to meet the recent consume, rely on massiveimports, not only economic have no benefit, and also have security risks, the world oilmarket can not supply. About nuclear power, ethanol gasoline and other means, aftertesting and pondering deeply over, they will find it only as a supplement, not as thedominant energy generation oil. Comparison and preferred outcome is the inevitablechoice of the national conditions of clean coal projects. As I mentioned in front pagein clean coal projects, the best route is coal to methanol or coal to alcohol ether cleanfuel. Recently, natural gas to methanol is OK: irHH中國煤化工 ther hydrrocarbons to methanol is also OKCNMHGOf course, exploring oil alternative energy of the world, in addition coal to oil andethanol gasoline, as also solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, hydrogen energy and fu-354應(yīng)用化工2006年第35卷增刊fuel cells, and submarine ice or other things, comparison in front page, some seem justa beautiful illusion. For human's survival and development, we must be realists. Ifnot come true this heavy burden for replacing energy, it would be a crime for humani-Coal to methanol fuel, not only in our country is an inevitable way, in AmericaSouth Africa and other countries of rich coal will also be the inevitable way. After solving technical issues of straw or other hydrocarbons system methanol, all countries willfollow this way. We should inherited this legacy, and make greater contribution to hu-manity中國煤化工CNMHG