海事界的中國(guó)之聲博弈無(wú)處不在的海事界,“中國(guó)因素雖備受矚目,但其聲音卻不夠響亮本刊記者楊培舉★據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在聯(lián)合國(guó)193個(gè)成員國(guó)中有145個(gè)沿海國(guó)國(guó)家相互對(duì)話和相互博弈的歷史大幕,從此大國(guó)崛起其興衰與海洋息息相關(guān),歷史上稱(chēng)雄世界的國(guó)家的道路上才有了全球坐標(biāo)。五百多年來(lái),在人類(lèi)現(xiàn)代無(wú)不曾是海洋強(qiáng)國(guó)。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái),世界各國(guó)間的競(jìng)化進(jìn)程的大舞臺(tái)上,相繼出現(xiàn)了九個(gè)世界性強(qiáng)國(guó),它爭(zhēng)正從陸地向海洋延伸,圍繞海事話語(yǔ)權(quán)之爭(zhēng)更是風(fēng)起們是葡萄牙、西班牙荷蘭、英國(guó),法國(guó)、德國(guó),日本云涌,在此背景下,作為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó).貿(mào)易大國(guó),航俄羅斯和美國(guó)。這些航海強(qiáng)國(guó)興衰更替的故事,留下運(yùn)大國(guó)和造船大國(guó),中國(guó)在國(guó)際海事領(lǐng)域需要擁有與之了各具特色的發(fā)展道路和經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),啟迪著今天,也相稱(chēng)的話語(yǔ)權(quán)影響著未來(lái)。從這些航海強(qiáng)國(guó)歷史發(fā)展軌跡來(lái)看.無(wú)論是哥倫布海事博弈從未間斷還是達(dá)伽馬、麥哲倫,他們?cè)诘乩泶蟀l(fā)現(xiàn)中所開(kāi)創(chuàng)的與世界對(duì)話的方式,都是用劍與火來(lái)表達(dá)自己的意志.用縱觀歷史,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與航海發(fā)展相生相伴,如殘酷的種族滅絕的中國(guó)煤化工來(lái)的影隨行。公元1500年前后的地理大發(fā)現(xiàn),拉開(kāi)了不同英國(guó)“無(wú)敵艦隊(duì)YHCNMHG美國(guó)20128 CHINA SHIP SURVEY中國(guó)船檢39Unique View航海夢(mèng)尋獨(dú)家看點(diǎn)人馬漢提出的海權(quán)理論等.無(wú)非都是在理論和實(shí)踐兩個(gè)方運(yùn)集裝箱一FD-貨運(yùn)標(biāo)簽》.這是中國(guó)在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域零面進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化用武力與世界進(jìn)行對(duì)話的手段.將哥倫布時(shí)的突破:2011年1月,CMAC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)造船合同《上海格式》)代的劍與火發(fā)展成為后來(lái)的堅(jiān)船利炮,乃至現(xiàn)代的種種高正式發(fā)布,給了偏向外國(guó)船東的BMO新造船合同有力科技戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)手段擊:2005年,上海航運(yùn)交易所推出了上海地區(qū)出口集如今,時(shí)過(guò)境遷,隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的加速.裝箱運(yùn)價(jià)指數(shù)SCF)之后,中國(guó)迎來(lái)了指數(shù)爆發(fā)時(shí)代以及人類(lèi)文明的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,世界海事格局也發(fā)生著深上海船舶價(jià)格指數(shù)、中國(guó)航運(yùn)景氣指數(shù)(CSP、中國(guó)航刻變化。從19世紀(jì)末到20世紀(jì)70年代,國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心運(yùn)信心指數(shù)(CSF)、中國(guó)航運(yùn)預(yù)警指數(shù)CSA)上海航形成了由“西歐板塊向北美板塊“再向“東亞板塊”的遞運(yùn)指數(shù)(s).全球國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力指數(shù)(Gsc)進(jìn)。20世紀(jì)末期,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中心向亞洲轉(zhuǎn)移.使得新加中國(guó)船舶交易價(jià)格指數(shù)”等相繼推出;中國(guó)船級(jí)社在國(guó)坡和中國(guó)香港、上海等一些港口成為新的國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心。際海事界中的地位日益增強(qiáng),多年來(lái)無(wú)論在國(guó)際公約與此同時(shí),造船產(chǎn)業(yè)重心也逐漸產(chǎn)生變化,20世紀(jì)50規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定中,還是在各類(lèi)國(guó)際組織的活動(dòng)中,始年代之前.以英國(guó)為代表的西歐造船業(yè)一直占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地終以國(guó)家.民族的利益為重,積極發(fā)揮國(guó)際橋梁作用位。50年代之后,日本取代英國(guó)成為霸主,再之后韓國(guó)2012年7月又正式發(fā)布了全球首部針對(duì)節(jié)能、環(huán)保、工和中國(guó)興起,形成今天的中、韓、日三分天下的市場(chǎng)格作環(huán)境的—《綠色船舶規(guī)范》:中國(guó)海軍遠(yuǎn)赴索馬里海域護(hù)航;上海金融中心和航運(yùn)中心建設(shè)步伐不斷加速天下熙熙皆為利來(lái),天下攘攘皆為利往。今天,全球2012年6月,中國(guó)海事專(zhuān)家委員會(huì)成立,此舉將進(jìn)一步海事界雖不像以前那樣充滿血雨腥風(fēng),但依然波詭云譎,推動(dòng)專(zhuān)家學(xué)者全方位、深層次地參與到海事發(fā)展決策中世界各國(guó)為爭(zhēng)得更多話語(yǔ)權(quán),處處充滿博弈,從未間斷。來(lái)…《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》生效后.海洋成為國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的新另外,中國(guó)還積極跟蹤和參加區(qū)域性會(huì)議,不斷深化高地.在局部地區(qū)有可能會(huì)引發(fā)武裝沖突或戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。據(jù)不完雙邊定期會(huì)議機(jī)制,到目前為止已與30個(gè)國(guó)家和20個(gè)國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì).目前全世界有爭(zhēng)議的島礁近100個(gè),這些都是際組織開(kāi)展海事合作,使得中國(guó)海事的聲音在更多的渠道未來(lái)潛在的爭(zhēng)端隱患。和舞臺(tái)得以表達(dá)從目前世界海事格局來(lái)看,雖然世界航運(yùn)中心、造船對(duì)于此種現(xiàn)象,曾在中國(guó)駐英國(guó)大使館海事處工作中心從歐美移至亞洲,但從整體而言.歐美依然擁有絕對(duì)的大連海事大學(xué)國(guó)際海事公約研究中心主任張仁平深有體的海事話語(yǔ)權(quán),他們站在制高點(diǎn),通過(guò)不斷推出相關(guān)的法會(huì)。他對(duì)記者說(shuō),近些年,中國(guó)政府在國(guó)際海事多邊舞臺(tái)律、法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范等.影響著世界海事業(yè)的發(fā)展,而上為維護(hù)和加強(qiáng)我國(guó)航運(yùn)業(yè)利益,從被動(dòng)出席國(guó)際海事組亞洲的話語(yǔ)權(quán)雖有局部突破,但整體而言卻相對(duì)微弱。織等會(huì)議到主動(dòng)參與制定規(guī)則,在國(guó)際海事組織(Mo)的各類(lèi)會(huì)議上,中國(guó)的影響力與日俱增.中國(guó)政府代表團(tuán)世界開(kāi)始聆聽(tīng)中國(guó)之聲向MO提交提案的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量都有顯著提高,提案已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)在國(guó)際多邊舞臺(tái)上發(fā)出聲音和提升話語(yǔ)權(quán)的重要而隨著綜合國(guó)力的提升,“中國(guó)因素”正在改變?nèi)蚪?jīng)貿(mào)有力的載體。中國(guó)從1972年恢復(fù)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的合法席位后格局,原材料和能源供需格局以及國(guó)際海運(yùn)市場(chǎng)格局。據(jù)在國(guó)際海事組織中從一個(gè)看客一路走來(lái).如今已連續(xù)+二統(tǒng)計(jì).目前我國(guó)海運(yùn)船隊(duì)規(guī)模位居世界第三位:大陸港次當(dāng)選A類(lèi)理事國(guó),這是我國(guó)綜合國(guó)力、特別是海運(yùn)實(shí)力口貨物吞吐量、集裝箱吞吐量雙雙連續(xù)九年位居世界篤持續(xù)提高的體現(xiàn)位;2010年便成為世界第一造船大國(guó),一大批如“海洋海海事大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)于世成在接受媒體采訪時(shí)表示,在號(hào)等高端工裝備?？粘鍪?引世界矚目,以畫(huà)方貿(mào)易V凵中國(guó)煤化工白國(guó)際海事運(yùn)大與此同時(shí),中國(guó)近些年在軟實(shí)力建設(shè)方面也取得了環(huán)境下,中CNMHG際海事組織的會(huì)長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步。2009年5月,國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織在第17次工作議和論壇上,中國(guó)的因素.中國(guó)的聲音、中國(guó)的做法已經(jīng)組會(huì)議通過(guò)了中國(guó)上海港提出的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提案—《貨被世界所聽(tīng)到、所關(guān)注.所重視40「敔據(jù)CHINA SHIP SURVEY 2012.8⊙中國(guó)的阿克琉斯之踵在國(guó)內(nèi)注冊(cè)登記,導(dǎo)致船舶融資、交易、購(gòu)買(mǎi)航運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)等很多都在國(guó)外進(jìn)行,數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),上海航運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)占全球目前,中國(guó)已是經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)、貿(mào)易大國(guó)、航運(yùn)大國(guó)、造市場(chǎng)的份額僅為1%。如此何來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力?何來(lái)話語(yǔ)權(quán)?船大國(guó).也創(chuàng)造了不少“世界第一”.可與之匹配的話語(yǔ)權(quán)上海海事大學(xué)副校長(zhǎng)蔡存強(qiáng)認(rèn)為.隨著國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際航卻相當(dāng)微弱,從鐵礦石談判到稀土價(jià)格乃至國(guó)際航運(yùn)話語(yǔ)運(yùn)硬環(huán)境的逐步形成包括海事仲裁,海事訴訟.海事權(quán),我們總有些力不從心之感法律咨詢服務(wù)等在內(nèi)的配套軟環(huán)境建設(shè)亟待加強(qiáng).目前首先.受外部和內(nèi)部環(huán)境制約,中國(guó)海洋維權(quán)執(zhí)法面我們?cè)诤Ｊ伦稍?、海事檢驗(yàn)、公證公估、海損理算、海臨很大挑戰(zhàn)。我們既沒(méi)有像國(guó)外海岸警備隊(duì)那樣專(zhuān)門(mén)統(tǒng)一上保險(xiǎn)、保賠保險(xiǎn)等海事法律服務(wù)專(zhuān)門(mén)人才還比較匱缺的執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍,也缺乏相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)支持,有些部門(mén)抓扣這在很大程度上掣肘了上海國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心的發(fā)展。了侵犯我領(lǐng)海的外國(guó)漁船和漁民,都不知道該怎樣處置。其次,航運(yùn)軟實(shí)力不濟(jì)拖累話語(yǔ)權(quán)提升。大連海事大⊙中國(guó)的未來(lái)航向?qū)W副校長(zhǎng)劉正江認(rèn)為.國(guó)際海事話語(yǔ)權(quán)就是在國(guó)際海事舞臺(tái)上你對(duì)海事事務(wù).包括規(guī)則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范、指南等制定當(dāng)前.隨著世界政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事格局的深刻變化的決定權(quán)。目前我國(guó)在國(guó)際海事領(lǐng)域的話語(yǔ)權(quán)還不夠大,」以及全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)帶來(lái)的深遠(yuǎn)影響,中國(guó)正迎來(lái)難得究其原因還是我們自己技不如人。前不久,交通運(yùn)輸部副遇的彎道超越之機(jī)。那么,中國(guó)能否再次從海洋上崛起部長(zhǎng)、中國(guó)航海學(xué)會(huì)理事長(zhǎng)徐祖遠(yuǎn)在“第三屆中國(guó)國(guó)際航創(chuàng)造下一個(gè)奇跡?這取決于我們將海洋和航海放在國(guó)家運(yùn)文化節(jié)暨第二屆世界海員日嘉年華”開(kāi)幕式上指出.盡發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的什么位置。管中國(guó)已成為世界航運(yùn)大國(guó).全球航運(yùn)重心亦正向東方轉(zhuǎn)為此,中國(guó)需要在頂層做好海洋和航海發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的移.但真正的國(guó)際航運(yùn)中樞、航運(yùn)金融、保險(xiǎn).海事仲裁制定和布局,做好經(jīng)濟(jì)準(zhǔn)備、政治準(zhǔn)備、軍事準(zhǔn)備、科船舶交易、船舶檢驗(yàn)等國(guó)際和民間組織及航運(yùn)研究咨詢、技準(zhǔn)備、文化準(zhǔn)備.在制定戰(zhàn)略時(shí)要有世界觀,全局觀權(quán)威媒體等高級(jí)服務(wù)和智囊機(jī)構(gòu)仍然在歐洲。航運(yùn)文化并和前瞻性。比如,自身海權(quán)問(wèn)題、南極問(wèn)題、北極問(wèn)題沒(méi)有隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)移到亞洲,轉(zhuǎn)移到中國(guó)。公海資源問(wèn)題,以及一些區(qū)域或國(guó)家出現(xiàn)的一些影響世毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),如果軟實(shí)力不硬,則中國(guó)在國(guó)際海事界就界航運(yùn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)走向的重大事件、公約、規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等問(wèn)題會(huì)“氣短只能在別人的游戲規(guī)則下游弋,難免被動(dòng)。中我們都須積極關(guān)注、研究和參與,以爭(zhēng)取更多的話語(yǔ)權(quán)國(guó)海事專(zhuān)家.大連海事大學(xué)前任校長(zhǎng)司玉琢認(rèn)為,回顧倫和獲得更大利益。敦和香港國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心的發(fā)展歷史,我們可以清晰地發(fā)現(xiàn)針對(duì)目前的國(guó)際海事形勢(shì),以及國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀,在如何它們的軟實(shí)力主要表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面:一是以海事法律為核心爭(zhēng)取更多話語(yǔ)權(quán)問(wèn)題上,中國(guó)海事專(zhuān)家、大連海事大學(xué)的規(guī)則的制定:二是航運(yùn)金融、保險(xiǎn)、再保險(xiǎn).期貨交易前任校長(zhǎng)司玉琢認(rèn)為.目前的世界海事格局.呈現(xiàn)西方和投融資等配套服務(wù),這些活動(dòng)的核心功能是控制定價(jià)權(quán)國(guó)家所主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)設(shè)、占優(yōu)的話語(yǔ)權(quán)格局,對(duì)此,我們應(yīng)對(duì)其參與者都是規(guī)則的制定者:三是航運(yùn)交易、造船合同的已有的“規(guī)范”進(jìn)行甄別,利我者用,不利我者正,缺失制定,其直接決定定價(jià)權(quán)。而這些方面恰恰是我們的短板。者立。我國(guó)素來(lái)以厚往薄來(lái),柔懷遠(yuǎn)人”為對(duì)外原則司玉琢先生所言極是。從歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看像香港、倫這種原則對(duì)于目前各國(guó)覬覦海洋利益,鯨吞海洋資源的敦等國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心之所以經(jīng)久不衰離不開(kāi)其采取的自由今天,是有害于中華民族在海上發(fā)展的,所以我們必須港政策以及良好的經(jīng)商環(huán)境,雖然他們?cè)谥贫润w系細(xì)節(jié)上樹(shù)立“先占性規(guī)則”的強(qiáng)烈意識(shí)有差異,但本質(zhì)卻是一樣的,都有一套開(kāi)放、規(guī)范、透明與此同時(shí),司玉琢還強(qiáng)調(diào)了重塑中國(guó)航海文化的迫勺制度體系。對(duì)此,國(guó)內(nèi)有專(zhuān)家言辭激烈地說(shuō),上海的金切性和重要性。他中國(guó)煤化工每事話語(yǔ)融市場(chǎng)似乎已經(jīng)規(guī)模不小,金融機(jī)構(gòu)、金融資產(chǎn)與香港相權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)和保障,HCNMH女實(shí)力的差無(wú)幾。但若稍加分析,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)差別非常大。到現(xiàn)在貨作用,加快文化向經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的滲透,有效促進(jìn)航運(yùn)業(yè)的幣都不能自由兌換,企業(yè)稅費(fèi)也過(guò)重.連國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)都不想發(fā)展并提升國(guó)家海事話語(yǔ)權(quán)20128cH| NA SHIP SURVEY中國(guó)船檢41H中國(guó)煤化工CNMHGique viewof chinain Maritime IndustryReporter Yang PeijAccording to statistics, among 193United Nations member States, 145States have coastlines, theirprosperity and fall are closely related toocean and all of whom that have been thestrong powers. Since the beginning ofthe 21" century, competitions betweencountries have been extended fromland to ocean. and the dispute ofpower of voice in maritime industryis even more swelling and surgingGiven the current macro-environment, asthe world s major nation of economy, tradeIding China needs to havethe power of voice in the maritime world that ismatched with its statusMaritime Game Has Never Stoppedeerie Nations are fighting for more power of voice andcompetitions are everywhere and never stopped. Sinceis reflected from the history that the development oftheworld economy is closely related to the developmentH中國(guó)煤化工 on the Law of the seaCNMHGcome the new highlandof shipping. Today, the global maritime industry is i of international strategic competition, and may triggernot filled with horrifying terrors as before, but it is still confrontations or wars in some regions. According to118中國(guó)船檢 CHINA SHIP SURVEY20128incomplete statistics, there are nearly 1000 controversialrums of the International Maritime Organizationreefs all over the world which are the potential threats forfuture disputesChina's Aehilles' HeelsIt can be seen from the current world maritime pattern For the time being, China has become the major powerthat though the world shipping and shipbuilding centerof economy, trade, shipping and shipbuilding, and hashas moved from Europe and America to Asia, the Europecreated a number of "world s firsts", however, its powerand America are still having the absolute power of of voice is weak and cannot match its status. Fromvoice in the maritime industry. They are occupying thenegotiations on iron ore to negotiations on the pricecommanding point and influencing the development of of rare earth, and even toin thethe world maritime industry through introducing lawsinternational shipping, we always have a feeling of notregulations, standards and rules. Whist Asia has madebeing competent to achieve what we are striving for.some breakthroughs in the fight for the power of voice, asa whole, Asia is still relatively weakFirstly, China,s protection of maritime authority and lawenforcement are facing great challenges due to theThe Voice of China Attended to by theconstraints of both external and internal circumstancesChina has neither a specialized and uniform lawenforcement team like the coastguards in foreignWith the enhancement of the overall national strength, the countries, or the support of corresponding laws and"China factor"is beginning to change the pattern of theregulations, Some sectors do not even know how to dealglobal economy and trade and the supply and demand ofi with the fishing boats and fishermen coming from otherw materials and energy. According to statistics, China countries who have intruded on our watershas the worlds 3 largest fleet; the cargo and containerthroughput of mainland ports are ranked first in the worldSecondly, the soft shipping power needs to befor 9 consecutive years. China has become the worId'simproved. Not long ago, Mr. Xu, the Vice Minister oflargest shipbuilding country in 2010, a large number i the Ministry of Transport, and the Chairman of Chinaof high-end offshore equipment such as"Ocean 981, Institute of Navigation pointed out during the openingJiao Long"have emerged and are attracting the worlds ceremony of the 3 China International ShippingattentionCultural Festival and the Second World Seafarers DayCarnival "that though China has become the worldsIn the mean time. China also has achieved robust largest maritime country in the world, and the shippingdevelopment in its building up of soft powers. The industry was moving to the East, nonetheless the realPresident of Shanghai Maritime University, Mr. Yu backbone of international shipping, the advancedShicheng said in an interview that under the international service and thinktank of shipping finance, insurance,maritime operation environment built on maritime rulesmaritime arbitration, ship trading ship survey and otherand regulations with western trade as the basis, Chinasinternational and ci中國(guó)煤化工 researchpower of voice is getting stronger gradually, "China factori consultancies, auth件HCNMHGcated inthe voice of China and China practice are being listened Europe. Shipping culture does not move to Asia andto, attended to and placed emphasis to in meetings and China along with the economy. E20128 CHINA SHIP SURVEY中國(guó)船檢119